Chapter 9

• Respiration

  The process by which animals and plants convert glucose into energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water
• Respiration in plants


  • Plants use the energy from respiration to take up mineral ions from the ground, which is important for growth
• Respiration in animals


  • Animals use the energy from respiration to keep their body temperature constant, allowing enzymes to function properly
• Respiration


  • Occurs in the mitochondria, which are organelles found in both plant and animal cells
• The amount of mitochondria in a cell indicates the cell's energy requirements
• Aerobic respiration


  Respiration that occurs when there is plenty of oxygen in the air
• Anaerobic respiration


  Respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen, such as during strenuous exercise or at high altitudes
• Aerobic respiration


  Oxygen + Glucose -> Water + Carbon dioxide
• Anaerobic respiration


  Glucose -> Lactic acid
• Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, but it still produces energy
• Anaerobic respiration in plants

  Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
• Respiration and breathing are different - respiration is the conversion of glucose into energy, while breathing is the taking in of air and giving out of carbon dioxide
• During exercise


  Breathing rate increases to provide more oxygen for respiration
• During exercise


  Blood vessels expand to allow more blood flow and oxygen delivery
• During exercise


  Glycogen is converted back into glucose to provide more fuel for respiration
• During exercise


  Heart rate increases to pump more blood and oxygen around the body
• Oxygen debt


  The amount of time needed to break down the lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration
• The liver plays a key role in repaying the oxygen debt by converting lactic acid back into glucose for aerobic respiration
• Metabolism


  All the chemical reactions occurring in the body, including respiration