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MICRO PARA
PPT 1
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Phototroph
Organism that uses
light
as an
energy
source
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Chemotroph
Organism that uses
chemical energy
as an energy source
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Autotroph
Organism that uses
carbon dioxide
as its sole carbon source
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Heterotroph
Organism that uses organic compounds other than
carbon dioxide
as its
carbon
source
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Photoautotroph
Organism that uses
light
as an energy source and
carbon dioxide
as a carbon source
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Chemoheterotroph
Organism that uses chemical energy as an
energy source
and organic compounds other than
carbon dioxide
as a
carbon
source
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Endoenzyme
Enzyme produced within a cell that remains within the cell to
catalyze
reactions
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Exoenzyme
Enzyme produced within a
cell
that is then released from the cell to
catalyze
extracellular reactions
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Plasmid
Small
circular DNA
molecule found in
bacteria
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factor
Plasmid that confers resistance to antibiotics
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"
Superbug
"
Bacteria
that are resistant to multiple
antibiotics
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Mutation
Change in the
genetic
material of an
organism
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Mutant
Organism with a
mutation
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Mutagen
Agent that causes
mutations
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Apoenzyme
Protein
that cannot
catalyze
a
chemical reaction on its own
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Coenzyme
Small
organic
,
vitamin-type
molecule that assists an apoenzyme in catalyzing a reaction
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Holoenzyme
Complete enzyme consisting of an
apoenzyme
and its
coenzyme
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Catabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into
smaller
molecules, releasing energy
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Anabolism
Assembly of
smaller
molecules into larger molecules, requiring
energy
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Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
Major
energy-storing
or
energy-carrying
molecule within a cell
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Biochemical pathway
Series of
linked
biochemical reactions that occur in a stepwise manner, leading from a starting material to an
end
product
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Aerobic
respiration
Complete catabolism of
glucose
, occurring in three phases: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and
electron transport chain
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Glycolysis
Nine-step biochemical pathway that breaks down
glucose
into two molecules of
pyruvic acid
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Krebs
cycle
Series of chemical reactions that further break down the
pyruvic
acid produced in
glycolysis
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Electron transport chain
Series of chemical reactions that use the energy released from the Krebs cycle to produce
ATP
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Physiology
is the study of the
vital life
processes of organisms, especially how these processes normally function in living organisms
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Microbial physiology
is the study of the life processes of microorganisms
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All living protoplasm contains six major chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
, nitrogen,
phosphorus
, and sulfur
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Other elements, usually required in lesser amounts, include sodium,
potassium
, chlorine,
magnesium
, calcium, iron, iodine, and some trace elements
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Combinations of all these elements make up the vital
macromolecules
of life, including carbohydrates,
lipids
, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Essential nutrients
are materials that organisms are unable to synthesize, but are required for the building of macromolecules and
sustaining life
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Phototrophs use
light
as an energy source, and the process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy is called
photosynthesis
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Chemolithotrophs
are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as an
energy
source
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Chemoorganotrophs are organisms that use organic chemicals as an energy source
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Ecology
is the study of the interactions between
organisms
and the world around them
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Ecosystem
refers to the interactions between living organisms and their
nonliving
environment
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Phototrophs (like algae and plants) are the producers of food and oxygen for chemoheterotrophs (such as animals)
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Photoautotrophs
contribute energy to the ecosystem by trapping energy from the
sun
and using it to build organic compounds from inorganic materials
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Metabolism refers to all the
chemical reactions
that occur within any cell
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Chemical reactions are referred to as
metabolic reactions
, and
metabolic reactions
are enhanced and regulated by enzymes, known as metabolic enzymes
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