MODULE 1: Introduction to Chemistry

• Democritus - He is the first to propose that matter exists in the form of particles. Coined the term 'atoms.'
• Democritus - Coined the term 'atoms.' on 465 B.C.
• Atomos - Uncuttable or Indivisible
• From alchemists who started practicing their trade about the year 1000 to the introduction of the first vacuum pump in the mid-1600s
• alchemists - they sought a universal solvent, attempted to change lead and other metals into gold.
• alchemists - they tried to discover an elixir that would prolong life.
• alchemists -they learned how to use metallic compounds and plant-derived materials to treat diseases.
• Boyle - He formulated the fundamental gas laws.
• Boyle - He is the first to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules.
• Boyle - He differentiated between compounds and mixtures.
• Robert Boyle he lived from - 1637 to 1691 
• Evangelista Torricelli - He Invented the mercury barometer.
• Evangelista Torricelli Invented the mercury barometer in - 1643
• He discovered boron and iodine - Joseph Louis Gay-Lusaac
• He discovered acid-base indicators (litmus) - Joseph Louis Gay-Lusaac
• Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac - He improved method for making sulfuric acid.
• Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac - He researched behavior of gasses.
• Charles Coulomb - He introduced the inverse-square law of electrostatics.
• Charles Coulomb introduced the inverse-square law of electrostatics in 1795.
• Michael Faraday - He coined the term 'electrolysis'.
• Michael Faraday - He developed theories of electrical and mechanical energy, corrosion, batteries, and electrometallurgy.
• The origins of chemistry can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India.
• The transition from alchemy to chemistry began in the - 17th century
• Robert Boyle - He is often referred to as the founder of modern chemistry.
• Robert Boyle - developed experimental methods and rejected the alchemy's mysticism.
• In the 17th and 18th centuries, what theory dominated chemical thought?

  Phlogiston Theory
• Phlogiston Theory - This theory proposed that a substance called phlogiston was released during combustion, rusting, and respiration.
• The Phlogiston Theoty was later discredited by Antoine Lavoisier.
• What did Antoine Lavoisier introduce to discredit the phlogiston theory?

  the concept of oxidation
• Antoine Lavoisier - he is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry,"
• Antoine Lavoisier - He introduced the law of conservation of mass, laying the foundation for modern chemistry.
• Dmitri Mendeleev- He is a Russian chemist, formulated the periodic table in 1869.
• Dmitri Mendeleev formulated the periodic table in 1869
• Dmitri Mendeleev - He organized elements based on their atomic mass and properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements. His table provided a framework that could predict the existence and properties of new elements.
• In 1897 - J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
• J.J. Thomson - He discovered the electron.
• This discovery revolutionized the understanding of atomic structure and laid the groundwork for modern atomic theory - Discovery of Electrons
• In 1911 - Ernest Rutherford proposed a new atomic model after conducting the famous gold foil experiment.
• Ernest Rutherford - He proposed a new atomic model after conducting the famous gold foil experiment.
• Ernest Rutherford - His model suggested that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons orbiting at a distance, challenging the previous plum pudding model.