Bio

• Pulmonary circulation


  The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, then back to the heart again
• Systemic circulation


  The movement of blood from the heart through the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body while bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• The human circulatory systems are a double circulatory system. It has two separate circuits and blood passes through the heart twice: pulmonary and systemic circulation.
• Pulmonary circulation


  1. Blood from the body enters the right atrium

  2. Pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

  3. Pumped through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery

  4. Pulmonary artery splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries and the blood travels to each lung
• Systemic circulation


  1. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins

  2. Pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

  3. Pumped through the aortic valve and into the aorta

  4. Aorta branches into major arteries to the upper and lower body
• Arteries branch into smaller arteries, arterioles, and finally capillaries. Gas and nutrient exchange with the tissues occurs within the capillaries that run through the tissues.
• Systemic circulation keeps the metabolism of every organ and every tissue in the body alive, except the parenchyma of the lungs, which are supplied by pulmonary circulation.
• Cardiac cycle


  The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation
• Systole


  The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation
• Diastole


  The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers filled with blood
• Both the atria and ventricles undergo systole and diastole, and it is essential that these components be carefully regulated and coordinated to ensure blood is pumped efficiently to the body.
• Auscultation


  Listening to various internal sounds using a stethoscope
• Lub


  The sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction
• Dup (or Dub)


  The sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole
• Murmur


  An unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood
• Systolic blood pressure


  The pressure exerted by the blood during ventricular contraction
• Diastolic blood pressure


  The pressure exerted by the blood during ventricular relaxation or filling
• Normal systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg. Normal diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mmHg.
• Arteries


  Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
• Capillaries


  Blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange with the tissues occurs
• Veins


  Blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart
• Plasma makes up about half of the content of the blood and contains proteins, glucose, and other dissolved nutrients.
• Blood components


  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  Cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide away
• Red blood cells


  • Lack a nucleus, allowing more space for hemoglobin
  • Biconcave shape for larger surface area
  • Thin cell membrane for rapid gas diffusion
  • Flexible membrane to squeeze through capillaries
• White blood cells (leukocytes)

  Cells that are part of the immune system, seeking out and destroying foreign pathogens
• Types of white blood cells

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)


  Cell fragments that play an essential role in blood clotting
• Plasma


  The yellow tinted fluid that transports blood cells and contains proteins, nutrients, and other dissolved substances
• Plasma makes up 55 percent of our blood volume.
• Blood grouping depends on the antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.