crim specialised language

• norms 


  specific rules or socially accepted standards that govern peoples behaviour in particular situations
• values

  general principles or guidelines for how we should live our lives. they tell us what is right and wrong and bad
• moral code 


  a set of basic rules values and principles held by an individual group organisation or society as a whole
• deviance


  any behaviour that differs from normal. Behaviour that is unusual uncommon or out of the ordinary in some way.
• crime


  an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law
• informal sanction

  are used where the rules are not formally written down and are perhaps “unspoken “. when someone breaks these rules others show their disapproval in informal ways such as refusing to speak to them -community sentences
• formal sanctions


  imposed by official bodies such as the police courts schools and other institutions. they are punishments for breaking formal written rules or laws. for example courts may fine offender for theft and schools may exclude pupils for bullying
• mens rea


  “guilty mind”
• actus reus 


  “guilty act ”
• strict liability 


  when mens rea is not required the wrongful act on its own is enough to convict them
• summary offences


  less serious offences such as speeding they are tried by magistrates
• indictable offences 


  more serious offences such as rape or murder. They are tried in a crown court before a judge and jury.These sentences that can be imposed are more severe
• social construction

  refers to something that has been made or defined by society rather than simply occurring naturally
• polygamy 


  the practice of having more than one wife o husband at the same time
• polyandry


  where a women may take one or more husbands
• polygyny

  where a man may take two or more wives
• adultery


  involves a sexual act between 2 people where one or both of whom are married to another person
• wolfenden report

  after gathering evidence from police psychiatrists religious leaders gay men ,the committees report published in 1957 recommended that homosexual acts in private between consenting adults over 21 to be legalised
• differential enforcement of the law


  the law is not always enforced equally
• moral panic 


  those convicted of relatively minor offences committed during the london riots of 2011 were more likely to recieve custodial sentences than similar cases committed
• typifications

  police officers hold typifications -ideas about what a typical criminal looks like
• diminished responsibility 


  if a defendant can show that their mental condition substantially reduced their ability to understand what were doing this reduces their conviction to manslaughter
• automatism 


  a crime must be a voluntary act the defendant must have consciously chosen to commit it . if they can show that it was involuntary they can plead the defence of automatism
• atavastic features


  enormous jaws , high cheek bones , handle shaped ears , prominent eyebrow arches ,exceptionally long arms,large eye sockets and extremely acute eyesight
• us and them theory

  we are normal and they , the criminals are abnormal and fundamentally different from us
• somatotype

  certain body types
• mesomorph 


  muscular and hard bodied with very little fat and string limbs broad shoulders and a narrow waist .their personality is adventurous sensation seeking assertive and domineering and they en physical activity
• endomorph


  rounded soft fat lacking muscle or tone with wide hips their personality is sociable relaxed comforting and outgoing
• ectomorph

  thin and fragile lacking both fat and muscle they are flat chested with narrow hips and shoulders thin face and high forehead.their personality is self conscious fragile inward looking emotionally restrained and thoughtful
• concordance rate


  a statistical measure that describes the proportion of pairs of individuals that share an attribute given that one already possesses this trait
• monozygotic 


  identical twins
• dyzgotic


  unidentical twins
• nature vs nurture

  nature how genetics influence an individual’s personality

  nurture how their environment affects their development
• id


  unconscious selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
• ego 


  balances the inflicting demand of the id and the superego
• superego


  the moralistic part of out personality which represents the ideal self we ought to be
• socialisation 


  the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable in society
• weakly developed superego

  means the individual will feel less guilt about antisocial actions and less inhibition about acting in the ids selfish or aggressive urges
• unforgiving superego

  creates deep seated guilt feelings in the individual who craves punishment as a release from these feelings
• deviant superego


  where the child is successfully socialised but into deviant moral code