CHAPTER 3

• Jafari’s Tourism Platforms

  1. Advocacy platform
  2. Cautionary platform
  3. Adaptancy platform
  4. Knowledge-based platform
  5. Social justice platform
• Advocacy Platform

  • sees tourism as good
  • celebrates tourism’s positive impacts
  • sees “tourism as an instrument for achieving national development”
• Theories under Advocacy Platform:

  Modernization theory

  Trickle-down theory
• Mass tourism


  has negative impacts but can be minimized or avoided with “alternative tourism”
• Two Sets of Alternative Tourism:

  1. Oriented to the environment
  2. Oriented to society
• Cautionary Platform

  • views tourism as bad
  • decries the negative impacts of mass tourism
  • creates dependency and economic leakages based on critics
• Theories under Cautionary Platform:

  • Dependency theory
  • Irritation index
• Holistic perspective


  impacts, forms, underlying structures and functions of tourism.
• Social Justice Platform


  embraces “participatory processes involving equality, pro-poor planning; gender sensitivity;

  responsiveness to diversity”
• Laissez Faire Theory


  assumes that an industry will function best when it is left solely to market forces.
• Modernization Theory


  assumes that tourism contributes to the economic progress/assumes that tourism improves the standard of living through technology transfer.
• Trickle-down Theory


  any form of economic growth will lead to the improvement of the living conditions of all.
• Neoliberal Theory


  economy functions best when there is minimal government intervention.
• Dependency Theory


  states that tourism can worsen the plight of Third World countries/sees tourism as creating dependencies.
• International tourism


  a form of modern-day colonialism.
• Irridex Model


  states that residents’ attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate
• social carrying capacity


  the ability of residents of a destination to tolerate and manage the social effects of tourism.
• APPROCHES TO TPD:

  1. No Planning
  2. Ad-hoc Planning
  3. Integrated Tourism Planning
• 4. Boosterism


  sees tourism as a positive force for economic

  development; maximizes tourism revenues.
• Boosterist Approaches

  • product-led;
  • market-led;
  • state-led;
  • industry-led; or
  • public or private sector-led
• Product-led Development


  “Build it and they will come.”/to provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to tourists.
• Demand-led Approach


  “Know the customers and satisfy them.”/specifications of tourists.
• Bureaucratic/Government-led Approach


  Government uses various types of policy instruments e.g. Advocacy: strategic plans
• Two Types of Bureaucratic Approaches:

  1. Central planning approach - National-level agencies carry out all functions.
  2. Devolved planning approach - LGUs assume control of tourism planning and development.
• 5. Middle Path Approach


  Strict controls are imposed on the types and volume of tourism.
• 6. Environmental Approaches


  considered for tourism development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding beauty.
• Carrying capacity


  the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination without causing destruction.
• Physical carrying capacity


  the maximum number of tourists that can fit on a site at any given time and still enable people to move.
• 7. Ecotourism Approach


  a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where community participation... are fostered and pursued.
• 8. Social Approaches


  emphasizes the role of stakeholders in the tourism process.
• Participatory/Stakeholder Approach


  each relevant stakeholder has a say in the deliberation and decision-making process.
• Stakeholders


  groups of people or entities that have​ an interest in tourism development
• Community-based Tourism (CBT)


  tourism that is owned and/or managed by communities and intended to deliver wider community benefit.
• Pro-poor Approach


  tourism that generates net benefits for the poor.
• Fair Trade Tourism (FTT)


  contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions.​
• Sustainable Tourism Approach


  tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic,...
• ​Tourism Development Continuum

  Laissez Faire - resource exploitation
• Deep Ecology - total preservation of the environment itself