NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Nervous system


  Associated with the different pathways of signal transduction in the human body. Each of the human body system is associated with the nervous system for control, regulation and maintenance.
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Control
  • Functions
• Functions of the nervous system

  • Association of Sensory Input and Motor Output
  • Direct Control of Voluntary Organs
  • Indirect Control of Involuntary Organs
  • Maintenance of Homeostasis and Mental Activity
  • Integration of all Cellular Signaling Mechanisms
• Action potential


  Electricity sent by the brain
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal cord, Integration of information)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves and ganglions, Detection and response to information)
• Cranial nerve test


  To test normal function
• Involuntary action


  Actions not controlled by the brain
• Reflexes


  Signals coming from the spinal cord but does not go to the brain. An automatic response to a stimulus, which means it occurs without conscious thought. Is homeostatic.
• Cauda equina


  The numerous roots (origin) of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris resemble a horse's tail. Glutes, back position.
• Non-graded action potential


  No movement. No electricity sent by the brain. Will signify that the person is containing mental activity. Comatose person has no graded and non-graded action potential thus they are considered.
• Sensory input and motor output

  • Site
  • Smell
  • Touch
  • Hearing
  • Touch
• Motor output movement


  Controlled majority by the muscle. Movement, changes in metabolism, heart rate, breathing rate, etc.
• Control of voluntary/involuntary organs

  • Direct control of voluntary organ (Skeletal muscle)
  • Indirect control of organs (Smooth muscle, Endocrine and Nervous system)
• Homeostasis


  Balance. Always working together. Temperature: integration and muscle, they have to work together. Positive and negative (two types).
• Mental activity


  Pertains to the signals that does not associate itself with movement. Non-Graded Action Potential (will signify that person is containing mental activity, they are unable to move comatose, the only action potential they can do). Paralysis (graded) Comatose (both) –brain dead.
• Integration of cellular signaling


  Very good in connection of other body parts
• Cascades


  Series of chemical reactions. Regulated by the brain. Creatine – Muscle repair/Excessiveness will turn into kidney stones. Melanin regulated by the brain, di basta mangingitim or mamumutla.
• Structures of the nervous system

  • Brain (Grey matter, forms cortex and nuclei in the CNS and ganglia in the PNS)
  • Spinal cord (White matter, forms nerve tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS)
  • Meninges (Connective tissues on the surface of the brain, Cushion of the brain, shock absorber)
• Meningitis


  Inflammation of the arachnoid matter. Bacteria. Within 3 days ded. Sumisikip yung space between the brain and arachnoid matter.
• Types of meninges

  • Dura matter (Protection from the surface of bones, Outer folding of the brain, Plastic cover, Durable/matibay, Matter brain, Di magislisan ang bungo at brain)
  • Arachnoid matter (Sub-arachnoid space, Container for cerebrospinal fluid, Spider web, Blood, brain, barrier)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (Tubig na kumukuha ng nutrients sa blood, Brain Spinal water, Anesthesia sa likod, lumbar area, tinutusuok para maka travel sa brain, general anesthesia)
• Blood circulation


  Only takes 30 seconds. The brain can be effected by bacteria.
• Red blood cell


  Nutrients deliverer
• Pia matter


  Blood supply to the surface of nervous system. Blood vessels do not penetrate. Provide nutrients to the neuron/cells.
• Brain cells


  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia
• Neurons


  Basic unit of nervous system. Can be found in both the CNS/PNS. Cell body (Interpret), Dendrites (Branches, receives info, can replace, specific signal), Axon (Long, send signal). Neuron can facilitate numerous sense and survival. Unified response.
• Types of neurons


  • Multipolar neuron (Many dendrites and axons, Multiple senses)
  • Bipolar neurons (One dendrite and axon, Dendrite (Eyes/ Color), Axon (Sight), Components of sensory organs)
  • Pseudo-unipolar neuron (Appears to have an axon but no dendrites, Cell body is not on the center, Have a single axon, Most sensory neurons are pseudo-unipolar)
• Central nervous system cells

  • Astrocytes (Coming from the blood, Connects the blood cells and neurons in CNS, Courier of nutrients)
  • Oligodendrocytes (Production of Myelin sheath in the CNS, Axon(electricity), Myelin sheath (Super conductors) (Jumping), Grey)
  • Ependymal cells (Products of Cerebrospinal Fluid)
  • Radial glia (Production of neurons during embryonic development)
  • Microglia (Lymphocyte associated with CNS, White blood cells that are branched, Hold onto the axons (PNS))
• Peripheral nervous system cells

  • Schwann cells (Production of myelin sheath in PNS, Same with oligodendrocytes, Only has one axon, Makes information sending faster, Lowered myelin sheath can cause lag)
  • Satellite cells (Connects blood cells and neurons in PNS, Feed nutrients to neurons, One neuron per one blood vessel)
  • Enteric glial cells (Independent control for digestive system, Very rare, Not seen in the brain, Intestines, Classification (ENS) (brain of the digestive system, Slow eating (20-30 chews))
• Components of the central nervous system

  • Brain (Cerebrum and cerebellum, Diencephalon (limbic system), Medulla oblongata and pons)
  • Spinal cord (Dorsal Root Ganglion (sensory), Ventral Root Ganglion (motor))
• Lobes of the cerebrum

  • Frontal lobe (Ideas and personality)
  • Temporal lobe (Sense of hearing, Auditory functions)
  • Occipital lobe (Vision, Visual Cortex)
  • Parietal lobe (Motor)
• Central sulcus

  The line in which we associate the motor of the body between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
• Corpus callosum


  Connects the 2 halves of the brain. C shape. Longitudinal fissure (Hati). Development of the human body is bilateral (identical on left and right side) Gives us the most intelligent animal. The hemispheres should be connected with each other.
• We use 100% of the brain. 40% is for consciousness. 60% is for involuntary actions/automatic function/sense of thirst/emotion/long term memory/gradual.
• Intelligence is not based on the size of the brain. Myelin sheath amount can tell if the person is intelligent. Myelin sheath loss causes Alzheimer's. Dementia is one of the symptoms.
• Right hemisphere and left hemisphere is divided not because of arts or academics.
• Hemisphere symmetry

  Equal in terms of functions. May inversion, bumabaliktad (grey matter – white matter). Mirroring effect. The other hemisphere can substitute with the other hemisphere.
• Left hemisphere


  Controls the right side of the body
• Right hemisphere


  Controls the left side of the body
• Cells of the nervous system lives about 21 years.
• Diencephalon


  Associated with the brain. Cephalon – Underdeveloped brain. Higher order thinking. Thalus, Hypothalamus. Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating. Adrenaline rush.