w8 gen bio

• Sexual reproduction


  Generally, produces variation in the offspring because this results in the recombination of genomes from the parents' gametes
• Asexual reproduction


  Produces an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent, which means the offspring is a clone of the parent
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Sporulation
• Fission


  Type of asexual reproduction involving the division of body into two or more equal parts
• Budding


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and then detaches itself
• Fragmentation


  Type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual; in animals, fragmentation is usually followed by regeneration where the missing parts are produced
• Sporulation


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which later on germinates
• Types of union of gametes

  • Isogamy
  • Heterogamy
• Isogamy


  Gametes of the same morphology, as seen in Spirogyra undergoing conjugation
• Heterogamy


  The process of joining the gametes of dissimilar size and shape, as seen in animal sperm and egg
• Special terms for sexual reproduction

  • Bisexual reproduction
  • Hermaphrodite
• Bisexual reproduction


  Type of sexual reproduction involving the union of gametes from two genetically different parents
• Hermaphrodite


  An individual with both male and female reproductive tissues. In animals, "self-fertilization" is not common. In worms, a hermaphrodite needs a male to donate sperms in order to fertilize the oocytes in its body
• Stages of animal development

  • Gametogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Gastrulation
  • Organogenesis
  • Differentiation and growth
• Gametogenesis


  In embryology, the process by which gametes, or germ cells, are produced in an organism. During the process of gametogenesis, a germ cell undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells that directly develop into gametes
• Fertilization


  The fusion of the egg and sperm that results in the formation of a zygote
• Cleavage


  The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions without an increase in its size, ending with the formation of a blastula, called a blastocyst, which varies in structure among vertebrates
• Gastrulation


  Formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Each will give rise to specific tissues and organs. Gastrulation patterns may differ depending on the amount of yolk present in the embryo
• Organogenesis


  Initiated with the formation of the notochord and the hollow dorsal nerve cord in the process called neurulation
• Differentiation and growth


  Male and female reproductive organ development