4th Mastery

• Design


  A plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind
• Qualitative Research Designs


  A blueprint or a skeletal framework for your research study
• Five research designs (Qualitative Research) or Types

  • Case Study
  • Ethnography
  • Historical Study
  • Phenomenology
  • Grounded Theory
• Case Study


  • Describe a person, thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of existence
  • Aim is to determine why such creature acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner
  • Centers on an individual or single subject matter
• Ethnography


  • Involves a study of a certain cultural group or organization in which you obtain knowledge about the characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationships of the group members, in group activities
• Historical Study


  • Determine the reasons for changes or permanence of things in physical world in a certain period (e.g. years, decades, or centuries)
  • Differs from others due to its scope or coverage of study such as the number of years covered, the kinds of events focused on, and the extent of new knowledge or discoveries resulting from the historical study
  • The data collecting techniques are biography or autobiography reading, documentary analysis, and chronicling activities
• Phenomenology


  • Is something you experience on Earth as a person
  • It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in life such as death, joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like
• Grounded Theory


  • Aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context
  • Enables to develop theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influences phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process
• Sampling


  Your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study
• Sample


  The 'chosen ones' from which you will derive facts and evidence to support claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem
• Population


  Bigger group from where you choose the sample
• Sampling frame


  The list of the members of such population from where you will get the sample
• History of sampling originated back to the early political activities of the Americans

  1920
• Two sampling strategies

  • Probability sampling or unbiased sampling
  • Non-probability sampling
• Probability sampling


  Involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study
• Non-probability sampling


  Disregards random selection of subjects, chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole direction of the researcher
• Sampling error


  Crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned
• Types of Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Cluster sampling
• Types of Non-probability Sampling

  • Quota sampling
  • Voluntary sampling
  • Purposive or judgmental sampling
  • Availability Sampling
  • Snowball sampling
• Observation


  A technique of gathering of data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research
• Participant Observation


  The observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the individual group being observed
• Non-participation or Structured Observation


  The observer is completely detach from the target of observation by just watching and listening to them do their own thing without participation in any of the activities
• Methods of Observation

  • Direct Observation
  • Indirect Observation
• Direct Observation


  This observation method makes you see or listen to everything that happens in the area of observation
• Indirect Observation


  This method is also called behavior archaeology because, here, you observe traces of past events to get information or a measure of behavior, trait, or quality of your subject
• Methods of Indirect Observation

  • Continuous Monitoring or CM
  • Spot Sampling
• Continuous Monitoring or CM


  Observation to evaluate the way people deal with one another, common in data gathering technique in behavioral psychology
• Spot Sampling


  This was done first by behavioral psychologists in 1920 with a focus on researching the extent of children's nervous habits as they would go through their regular personal development in oral manner rather than in written way
• Interview


  A data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subject or respondents questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for
• Types of Interview

  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
  • Semi-structured Interview
• Structured Interview


  An interview that requires the use of interview schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and only item from a set of alternative responses
• Unstructured Interview


  In this type, the respondents answer the questions based on what they personally think and feel about it
• Semi-structured Interview


  You prepare a schedule or a list of questions that is accompanied by a list expressions from where the respondents can pick out the correct answer
• Approaches

  • Individual Interview
  • Group Interview
  • Mediated Interview
• Individual Interview


  Only one respondent is interviewed (one-on-one), the reason is the lack of trust the interviewees have among themselves
• Group Interview


  You ask the question not to one person, but to a group of people at the same time
• Mediated Interview


  Not a face-to-face interview for this takes place through electronic communication devices
• Mediated Interview Types


  • Synchronous
  • Asynchronous
• Synchronous


  If you talk with the subjects and also find time to see each other
• Asynchronous


  If only two persons are interviewed at a different time