D3.1 Reproduction

• Meiosis


  A form of cell division that produces four cells, which are genetically distinct and contain half the normal number of chromosomes. Occurs in the production of sperm and eggs.
• Asexual reproduction


  The form of reproduction where genetic material from one parent is copied to produce a clone. There is no genetic variation in the offspring.
• Sexual reproduction


  The form of reproduction where genetic material from two individuals is combined to produce the offspring. The offspring therefore tend to have some characteristics from each of the two parents. In contrast to asexual reproduction.
• Diploid


  The condition when a cell has two versions of every chromosome, the two versions of each chromosome are homologous. In humans 2n=46
• Haploid


  The condition when a cell has only one version of each chromosome. These are normally gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and eggs. In humans, n=23.
• Testes


  The organ responsible for sperm and testosterone production.
• Epididymus


  The location where sperm mature and gain motility (the ability to move).
• Sperm duct


  Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. This tube is cut during a vasectomy.
• Uretha


  Transports semen from the sperm duct through the penis. Also transports urine from the bladder.
• Seminal vesicle


  Produces a sugar rich secretion (the sugar is fructose). This provides a sugar source for aerobic respiration in the mitochondria in sperm.
• Prostate gland


  Produces an alkaline mucus that protects the sperm from the acidic vagina and the female immune system
• Ovaries


  The organ responsible for ovum (egg), oestrogen and progesterone production.
• Fallopian tubes/oviduct


  The tube that connects the ovaries to the uterus. Contains cilia that brush the ovum towards the uterus.
• Uterus


  Muscular structure with a lining that matures each month to allow a fertilised egg to implant
• Cervix


  Ring of muscle at the base of the uterus that keeps the developing foetus in place during pregnancy, and allow menstrual fluid to leave the uterus if no pregnancy occurs.
• Vagina


  The site of sperm deposition in reproduction.
• Female and Male reproductive parts

  A) Seminal Vesicle

  B) Prostate galnd

  C) Fallopian Tubes

  D) Uterus

  E) Endometrium

  F) Cervix

  G) Ovary

  H) Sperm duct

  I) Vagina

  J) Testes

  K) Scrotum

  L) Uretha

  M) Epididymus

  N) Erectile tissue

  
• Menstrual cycle


  Monthly cycle of the female reproductive system to time the release of an egg (ovulation) for possible fertilisation and later implantation in the inner lining of the uterus.
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)


  This hormone is produced in the pituitary gland. It stimulates development of follicles (fluid filled sacs containing eggs) in the ovaries & stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.
• LH (leutenising hormone)


  This hormone is produced in the pituitary gland. It stimulates follicles to mature and release eggs, peaking at point of ovulation & then stimulates empty follicle to produce progesterone.
• Oestrogen


  This hormone is produced in ovaries. It promotes growth of uterus wall lining, inhibits production of FSH & stimulates production of LH
• Progesterone


  This hormone is produced in ovaries (by corpus luteum). It completes and maintains uterus lining, inhibits the release of FSH and LH & levels eventually drop if no egg is implanted.
• IVF


  During this process an egg is removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory.

  The fertilised egg, called an embryo, is then returned to the woman’s womb to grow and develop.
• Menstrual cycle diagram

  A) Stimulate follicle development

  B) Triggers ovulation

  C) Maintains uterus lining

  D) Builds uterus lining

  
• Fertilisation


  The fusion of a spermatozoan and secondary oocyte to produce a diploid zygote. In humans, this means two cells containing 23 chromosomes fuse to form a single cell with 46 chromosomes.
• Sepal


  The protective outer layer of the flower that protects the bud.
• Petals


  The large, colourful patterns found on ________ that attract insects. Commonly absent on wind pollinated flowers.
• Filament


  The structure that supports the anther.
• Anther


  The pollen producing structure. Pollen is the male haploid gamete – sex cell that contains half the number of chromosomes.
• Style


  The supportive structure for the stigma. The pollen tube digests its way through this to fertilise the ovum.
• Stigma


  The sticky (insect pollinated) or feathery (wind pollinated) landing site for pollen.
• Ovary


  The structure that contains multiple ovules, each of which contains an ovum inside the plant.
• Ovules


  The structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. Found inside the ovary.
• Ovum


  The egg cell that contains the haploid nucleus that is fertilised by the pollen nucleus.
• Stamen


  The collective term for the male reproductive parts of the plant – anther & filament.
• Carpel


  The collective term for the female reproductive parts of the plant - the stigma, style and ovary.
• Plant diagram

  A) Stigma

  B) anther

  C) petal

  D) filament

  E) sepal

  F) ovule

  G) style

  
• Pollen


  Male reproductive ‘powder’ that contains the gamete. Can either be small & dense to be transported by insects or large & air-filled to be transported by the wind.
• Pollination


  The transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma. This can either be self-_______________ when pollen is transferred inside the same plant to make clones or cross-________________ when pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another.
• Pollen tube


  The tube that grows out of a pollen grain down the style, into the ovary and through the micropyle of the ovule to carry the two male nuclei to the ovule.