urban issues and challenges

• How does improving transport infrastructure impact commuting in the UK?

  Allows people to commute into cities from further away
• What is Crossrail's role in commuting?


  Allows more people to commute into London from further away
• Give examples of low-income countries (LICs).

  • Ethiopia
  • Niger
  • Nepal
• What is expected to happen to LICs in the next few decades regarding urbanisation?

  Rapid urbanisation
• What is urbanisation?


  Movement of people from rural areas to cities
• What are the two main causes of urbanisation?

  • Rural-urban migration
  • Natural increase
• What are high rates of urbanisation leading to?

  • The creation of megacities
• What defines a megacity

  A city with more than 10 million inhabitants
• What is the population of Tokyo?

  38 million people
• What is rural-urban migration?

  Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas
• What does natural increase refer to in the context of urbanisation?

  The growth of a population due to higher birth rates than death rates in urban areas
• Why do people migrate from rural to urban areas?

  In search of:

  • better job opportunities
  • education
  • living conditions
• What impact does the creation of megacities have on resources?

  Increased strain on:

  • housing
  • infrastructure
  • and services
• What are some challenges faced by megacities?

  • Overcrowding
  • Pollution(more cars/transport)
  • Traffic congestion
  • Limited access to services
• How does urbanisation affect the economy of a country?

  Can lead to economic growth through increased industrialisation and job creation
• What social issues can arise from rapid urbanisation?

  • Inequality
  • Slums/squatter settlements
  • Crime
• What are some environmental impacts of urbanisation?

  • Increased pollution
  • Habitat destruction
  • Urban heat islands
• What strategies can be used to manage the growth of megacities?

  • Sustainable urban planning (renewable energy)
  • Improved public transportation
  • Investment in infrastructure
• What is one benefit of urbanisation?

  Greater access to education and healthcare facilities
• What are push factors?

  Conditions that force people to leave a place
• How can natural disasters act as a push factor for rural- urban migration?

  • destroy people's homes and jobs
  • need to move
• How does automation in agriculture act as a push factor for rural- urban migration?

  Automation causes people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture. e.g combine harvester
• What are pull factors?

  Conditions that attract people to move to a place.
• How did the Industrial Revolution in the UK act as a pull factor for rural-urban migration?

  More jobs and higher-paid jobs in cities.
• How does the presence of family and friends act as a pull factor for rural-urban migration?

  People may move to cities to live closer to their family and friends.
• What percentage of the UK population lived in towns or cities in 2013 compared to 1950?

  • 2013: 83%
  • 1950: 79%
• Name three major cities in the UK

  
  

  • London
  • Birmingham
  • Manchester
• What is the population of London?

  8.9 million
• where do all the major uk cities lie?

  ta da

  
• What are four ways to make urban life more sustainable

  Water conservation(collecting rainwater)

  Energy conservation (renewable sources of energy)

  Creating green space (good for mental health; pollution is lower)

  Waste recycling(frequent collections)
• How much water does the average one-person household in the UK need per day?

  149 litres
• what is urban sprawl?

  when a city grows in size because greenfield sites in the edge of the city (rural-urban fringe) are built on
• What is international migration

  migration from one country to another
• What is national migration

  Migration within a country
• What are main causes for national migration

  • work
  • higher education
  • access better services and infrastructure
  • want to take part in the city's vibrant culture
• What are the main causes for international migration

  • search for higher paid work
  • joining family members
  • escaping war/persecution
• what is urban greening

  the process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks in urban areas
• How many lines are there in London's tube system?

  12
• What are Santander or 'Boris' bikes used for?

  They can be rented to get from A to B
• What methods can consumers use to 'tap in' and 'tap out' of the tube or buses in London?

  • Oyster card
  • Bank card
  • Mobile phones