How does the method of metal extraction depend on the reactivity of the metal?
Metals more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis of molten compounds Metals less reactive then carbon are extracted by reduction with carbon
What is a redox reaction?
when one in which oxidation and reduction both occur
What is the structure and bonding in a metal?
The electrons are delocalised which means they are free to move and carry charge through the structure. This makes metals good conductors of electricity
How does the structure of a metal affect its properties?
Its affects their melting and boilings points and conductivity
What is an alloy?
A mixture of two or more metals.
How do alloys make metals stronger?
They make metals stronger so they can have many uses and withstand stress
What is a pure substance?
substances that contain one element or compound
What is an impure substance?
A type of mixture containing at least two different substances
What is formulation?
A mixture containing specific quantities of different substances produced for a particular purpose eg. makeup
What is crude oil?
A mixture of hydrocarbons
How is crude oil separated into fractions?
Crude oil is vaporised and enters the fractionating column
The fractionating column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
Larger hydrocarbons collect in fractions near the bottom as they have higher boiling points
Smaller hydrocarbons collect in fractions near the top as they have lower boiling points
What are these fractions used for?
LPG- camping gas stoves Petrol- car fuel Kerosene- jet fuel Bitumen- road surfaces
What is a hydrocarbon
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What is an alkane?
Saturated hydrocarbons
What gases are in our atmosphere?
nitrogen (78%) oxygen(21%) carbon dioxide(0.04%) other gases(mostly argon)(0.096%)
What is a greenhouse gas?
gases that trap heat in the upper atmosphere
What is global warming?
Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average temperature due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
How can we reduce the effects of global warming?
Using renewable sources, reducing waste, promoting sustainable practices, using energy efficient appliances, use public transport, eat less meat
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers.