Reading and Writing

• Logical bridge between words, sentences, and paragraphs - uses devices to connect ideas within each sentence and paragraph

  
  

  Coherance
• Levels


  Refers to the number of ranks in the hierarchy of information in the reading
• Writing site


  The context of your assignment
• Outline


  Summary that gives the essential features of a text
• Prewriting


  Pertains to different techniques that help you discover ideas before writing
• Parts of a paragraph

  • Topic sentence
  • Supporting details
  • Adequate development
  • Unity
  • Coherence
• Topic sentence


  Main idea of your paragraph - reveals what you generally plan to propose, argue, or explain
• Supporting details


  May range from facts, examples, or instances - expound on the main idea and act as adequate support; they are specific and stem from the general idea established by the topic sentence
• Unity


  All of the sentences in the paragraph are related to the topic sentence
• Thesis statement


  The central idea of an essay - not the subject/topic, but an interpretation of the topic
• Characteristics in making your paragraphs effective

  • Unity
  • Adequate development
  • Coherence
• Pre-writing strategies

  • Brainstorming
  • Clustering or mapping
  • Freewriting
• Brainstorming


  One of the better and more popular methods of discovering your writing topic
• Clustering


  A technique that you can use to find your writing topic by starting to write a word or phrase at the center
• Freewriting


  Uses the force of narration to draw a stream of connected ideas out of the writer's mind
• Kinds of outlines

  • Reading outline
  • Writing outline
• Reading outline


  Used to get the main idea of a text that is already written
• Writing outline


  A skeletal version of your essay - used as a guide to organize your ideas, usually done before you write the first draft of your essay
• Revision


  The general process of going back through your whole draft - focuses on the bigger picture of your draft
• Editing (proofreading)


  A more meticulous process of clarifying meaning by revising each word and line of your draft - focuses on its finer details
• Proofreading


  Writers mark their drafts by using editing symbols
• Chronological arrangement


  The details are arranged in the order in which they happened
• Spatial arrangement


  When the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, e.g. left to right, up to down
• Signal devices


  Words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing
• Purpose


  The reason why you are writing
• Emphatic order


  When the information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the writer's purpose
• The details of a paragraph can be organized according to chronological order
• Writing outline is a skeletal version of your essay, used as a guide to organize your ideas
• Revision focuses on the bigger picture of your draft, while editing focuses on its finer details
• Working Thesis Statement

  An argument containing your stand and that you intend to prove with evidence
• First Level


  Topic Sentences

  Represented by Roman Numerals
• Second Level 


  Subtopics

  Represented by Capital Letters
• Third Level


  Supporting Details

  Represented by Arabic Numerals
• Fourth Level


  Particular Facts/Ideas

  Represented by Small Letters
• Controlling Idea


  the point where paragraphs support
• prewriting begins...

  knowing what kind of paper
• context of your assignment

  writing situation
• Writing Outline 


  skeletal overview of your draft, which contain your fundamentl point and the different ideas that support them
• Scratch Outline


  simple list of ideas that take the form of words and phrases
• Sentence Outline


  uses sentences to define the subject matter