tectonics from spec

• Tectonic disaster trends since 1960

  • Number of deaths
  • Numbers affected
  • Level of economic damage
• Tectonic disaster trends should be understood in the context of overall disaster trends
• Research into the accuracy and reliability of the data is important to interpret complex trends
• Tectonic mega-disasters


  • Can have regional or even global significance in terms of economic and human impacts
• Tectonic processes and Hazards case study recall

  • 2010 Eyafjallajokull eruption in Iceland (global interdependence)
  • 2011 Japanese tsunami (energy policy)
  • Church Stretton fault and ring of fire
  • Aceh Indonesia
  • Himalayas, Hawaiin Islands
  • Sichuan 2008
  • Nepal 2015
  • Tohoku 2011
  • California 1993
  • Haiti 2010
  • New Zealand 2010-11
  • Mount Pinatubo
  • Mount Ontake
  • Chile 2010
  • Mid atlantic ridge
• The concept of a multiple-hazard zone and how linked hydrometeorological hazards sometimes contribute to a tectonic disaster (the Philippines)
• Theoretical frameworks to understand tectonic hazards


  • Prediction and forecasting (role of scientists)
  • Hazard management cycle (response, recovery, mitigation, preparedness) (role of emergency planners)
• Prediction and forecasting accuracy depend on the type and location of the tectonic hazard
• Use of Park's Model to compare the response curve of hazard events, comparing areas at different stages of development
• Strategies to modify the event

  • Land-use zoning
  • Hazard-resistant design
  • Engineering defences
  • Diversion of lava flows
• Strategies to modify the event involve the role of planners and engineers
• Strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience

  • Hi-tech monitoring
  • Prediction
  • Education
  • Community preparedness
  • Adaptation
• Strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience involve models forecasting disaster impacts with and without modification
• Strategies to modify loss

  • Emergency aid
  • Short-term aid
  • Longer-term aid
  • Insurance
• Strategies to modify loss involve the role of NGOs and insurers, as well as the actions of affected communities themselves
• Resilience


  Community's threshold
• Pressure and Release (PAR) model


  • Explains the complex inter-relationships between the hazard and its wider context
• Tectonic hazards (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis)


  Social and economic impacts on people, economy and environment in contrasting locations (developed, emerging and developing world)
• How can tectonic hazards onset be measured?

  Measure of tectonic hazards using Mercalli, Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) and Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
• Intensity


  Measure of tectonic hazards using Mercalli, Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) and Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
• Characteristics of tectonic hazards

  • Magnitude
  • Speed of onset and areal extent
  • Duration
  • Frequency
  • Spatial predictability
• Earthquake, volcano and tsunami events


  Severity of social and economic impact in developed, emerging and developing countries
• Factors that affect inequality

  Inequality of access education, housing, healthcare and income opportunities can influence vulnerability and resilience
• How can governments influence tectonic hazards

  • Local and national government influence vulnerability and resilience
• Geographical factors


  • Population density, isolation/accessibility, degree of urbanisation influence vulnerability and resilience
• Contrasting hazard events in developed, emerging and developing countries

  Interaction of physical factors and significance of context influence the scale of disaster
• Enquiry question 1


  Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards?
• Key idea 1.1


  • The global distribution of tectonic hazards can be explained by plate boundary and other tectonic processes
• Detailed content 1.1a


  • The global distribution and causes of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis
• Detailed content 1.1b


  • The distribution of plate boundaries resulting from divergent, convergent and conservative plate movements (oceanic, continental and combined situations)
• Detailed content 1.1c


  The causes of intra-plate earthquakes, and volcanoes associated with hot spots from mantle plumes
• Key idea 1.2


  • There are theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain plate movements
• Detailed content 1.2a


  • The theory of plate tectonics and its key elements (the earth's internal structure, mantle convection, palaeomagnetism and sea floor spreading, subduction and slab pull)
• Detailed content 1.2b


  • The operation of these processes at different plate margins (destructive, constructive, collision and transform)
• Detailed content 1.2c

  Physical processes impact on the magnitude and type of volcanic eruption, and earthquake magnitude and focal depth (Benioff zone)
• Key idea 1.3


  • Physical processes explain the causes of tectonic hazards
• Detailed content 1.3a


  • Earthquake waves (P, S and L waves) cause crustal fracturing, ground shaking and secondary hazards (liquefaction and landslides)
• Detailed content 1.3b


  • Volcanoes cause lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash falls, gas eruptions, and secondary hazards (lahars, jökulhlaups)
• Detailed content 1.3c


  Tsunamis can be caused by sub-marine earthquakes at subduction zones as a result of sea-bed and water column displacement
• what is the pacific ring of fire?

  it is a main earthquake zone where 70% if all earthquakes are found