BIO (I. Cells)

• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, a lot smaller than eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic Cells: Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
• Phospholipid Bilayer - A double layer of phospholipids that forms the outer layer of the cell membrane. Creates a "Hydrophobic Sandwich"
• The red circles: Hydrophilic Phosphate, polar

  The yellow lines: Hydrophobic fatty acids, non-polar

  
• A - Flagelli

  C - Ribosomes

  E - Nucleoid

  H - Plasma Membrane

  I - Cytoplasm

  
• Nucleus

  • Brain of the cell
  • Where rRNA and ribosomes assemble
  • give the cell the ability to reproduce
• Lysosomes

  • clean up crew
  • helps cytoplasm by removing unwanted flotsams
• Vacuoles

  • contains salt, food, water
• Golgi Bodies

  • preparation and distribution center
  • prepares protein by putting them in a vesicle to send to the plasma membrane
• Centrioles

  • most active in cell division
• Ribosomes

  • made of rRNA and proteins
  • produces proteins
  • connects to the RER
• Example of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
• Example of Eukaryotic Cells: Fungi, Animals and Plant Cells
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - produces lysosomes and transports lipids and proteins
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - produces proteins. Connects to the nucleus. Surrounded by the ribosomes.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): produces lipids, hormones, and steroids and removes unwanted toxic chemicals
• Cytoskeleton: holds the cell together. Have a network of fibers (a)Microtubules (b)Microfilaments
• Microtubules: Responsible for the cell division. Examples of Microtubules, (a)Centriole, (b)Flagelli, (c)Cilia. B and C are used to help the cell move around watery environments.
• Microfilaments: Responsible for movement. Composed of protein actin.
• Actin Monomers - makes the microfilaments grow and shrink
• Cell Wall

  • rigid layer that is just outside the plasma membrane
  • has chloroplast
• Plasma Membrane

  • made of phospholipids and proteins
  • This is where the phospholipid Bilayer is
• Passive Transport

  • high to low concentration
  • Doesn't use energy
  • goes with the flow
  • Isotonic
  • Have 3 types: (a)Simple Diffusion, (b)Facilitated Diffusion, (c)Osmosis
• Simple Diffusion: non-polar movements that can move in and out without having to use energy
• Facilitated Diffusion: polar/large molecules are transported through protein-like channels
• Aquaporins: water-like channels
• Osmosis: transfer water. high solute to low solute
• Solvent: liquid

  Solute: dissolved particles
• What type of passive transport is this?

  osmosis

  
• What type of passive transport is this?

  Facilitated Diffusion

  
• What type of passive transport is this?

  Simple Diffusion

  
• Equilibrium - equal amount of solvent or solute on both sides
• Net Movement - movement of water
• Plant cells have a larger vacuole that covers most of the cytoplasm
• Hypertonic

  • high solute outside
  • high water inside
  • water rushes out
  • shrinks
• Hypotonic

  • High solute inside
  • High liquid outside
  • water rushes in
  • Swells
• Isotonic

  • equal amount of solute and liquid
  • no net movement
  • normal
• Active Transport

  • low to high concentration
  • uses ATP
• Exocytosis

  • lets the particles out of the cell
  • puts the large molecules into vesicles to let out from the cell