Heduc

• Ethics is the moral standard in identifying what is right and wrong
• Moral is a specific way of behavior accomplishing ethical practices
• Moral action depends on the moral standard or ethics
• Patient has the right to know his/her medical diagnosis, treatment available and the expected outcomes (because the arise of ethical issue related to healthcare have surfaced as a major concern of both consumer and healthcare provider)
• Ethical, Moral, Legal often used in synchrony and although interrelated, they are not synonymous/same
• • Immanuel Kant a 18th century, proposed Deontological approach or Duty-oriented approach
• In Deontological, rightness and wrongness act depends on the intrinsic nature rather than the consequences.
• Deontological approach stresses the importance of doing one’s duty and following the rules
• Kant respect individual rights, one person should never be treated merely for the benefit of others or group
• John Stuart Mil, 19th century, proposed Telelogical approach or Utilitarianism
• Utilitarianism allows for the sacrifice of one or more individuals so that a group of people can benefit, greatest good for the greatest number of people
• Ethical refers to norms or standard of behavior accepted by the society
• Professional Ethics is a branch of moral science concern with the obligations that a member of profession owes to the public
• Healthcare ethics is the division of ethics that relates to human health
• Nurses must be God-loving and God fearing
• Morality is what you believe is right and wrong
• Golden Rule, do unto other what you would like others to do unto you
• The two fold effect which nurses faced with a situation which may have both good and bad effects
• The principle of totality refers to the whole is greater than any of its parts
• EPIKIA means Exception to the general rule, it is reasonable presumption
• Ethical Dilemmas is a moral conflict in which two or more ethical principles
• Practice Acts are documents that define a profession
• Autonomy refers to the right of self determination, and freedom to choose and implements one‘s decision
• Evaluating is an ongoing and terminal process in which the client, the nurse and often the support person determined what has been learned.
• Objective serve not only to direct the teaching plan but also to provide criteria for evaluation
• Determining the focus of evaluation is the first and most crucial step in planning any evaluation
• Usefulness and accuracy of an evaluation depend heavily on how well the evaluation is initially focused
• Components of Evaluation focus

  1. Audience - person or groups for whom the evaluation is being conducted
  2. Purpose - answer the question, WHY is the evaluation being conducted
  3. Questions to be ask - must be directly related to the purpose for conducting the evaluation, must be specific and measurable
  4. Scope considers - the extent of what is being examined such as “How many individual/audience”
  5. Resources - include time, expertise, materials, personnel,equipment and facilities
• Process or Formative of Evaluation

  • used to make necessary adjustment to an educational activity as soon they identified.
  • It helps the nurse anticipate and prevent problems before they occur
  • described as ”Happiness Index”
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  Ourcome or Summative Evaluation

  • purpose is to determine the effects of the teaching efforts. It measures the changes that result from teaching and learning.
  • This type of evaluation summarizes what happened based on education intervention. This occur after teaching has been completed
  • fcuses more on long term changes
• Content evaluation

  • scope is limited to a specific learning experience and to stated objectives for that experience
  • the purpose is to determine whether learners have acquired the knowledge or skills taught during the learning experience
• Impact Evaluation

  • purpose is to determine the relative effects of education on the institution or the community
  • the scope is broader, more complex and more long-term
• Total Program Evaluation

  • the purpose is to determine the extent to which all activities for an entire department or program over a specied time meet or exceed the goals originally established.
  • the scope of program evaluation is broad, generally focusing on overall goals rather than a specific learning objectives.
• Documentation is an essential in teaching process, as it provides a legal record that the teaching tool place and communicates the teaching to other health professionals
• Evidence based practice (EBP) defined as the conscientious use of current best evidence in making the decisions about patients care”.
• EBP is broadly described as a lifelong problem-solving approached
• Documentation is the process of collecing, processing and implementing research findings to improve clinical practice. It helps provide the highest quality and most cost-efficient care possible
• External Evidence refers to the evidence from research reflecting the fact that it is intended to be generalizable or transferable beyond the specific study setting or sample
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  Internal Evidence is the data generated from a diligently conducted quality improvement project or EBP implementation project within a specific practice setting
• 5 steps of making EBP

  1. Form a clinical question
  2. Gather the best evidence
  3. Analyze the evidence
  4. Apply the evidence
  5. Assess the result