ELECTRONICS

• A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.

  The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the

  correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.
• A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load. Depending on

  its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or from an AC source

  such as the power mains.
• In a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), the AC mains input is directly rectified and

  then filtered to obtain a DC voltage.
• A capacitive power supply (transformerless power supply) uses the reactance of a

  capacitor to reduce the mains voltage to a smaller AC voltage.
• The function of a linear voltage regulator is to convert a varying DC voltage to a

  constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often provide a current

  limiting function to protect the power supply and load from overcurrent (excessive,

  potentially destructive current).
• An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains supply) and

  uses a transformer to step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage.
• An AC adapter is a power supply built into an AC mains power plug. AC adapters are

  also known by various other names such as "plug pack" or "plug-in adapter", or by slang

  terms such as "wall wart".
• A programmable power supply is one that allows remote control of its operation

  through an analog input or digital interface such as RS232 or GPIB.
• An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources

  simultaneously.
• A high-voltage power supply is one that outputs hundreds or thousands of volts. A

  special output connector is used that prevents arcing, insulation breakdown and

  accidental human contact.
• A bipolar power supply operates in all four quadrants of the voltage/current Cartesian

  plane, meaning that it will generate positive and negative voltages and currents as required to maintain regulation.
• Applications

  Power supplies are a fundamental component of many electronic devices and therefore

  used in a diverse range of applications. This list is a small sample of the many

  applications of power supplies.
• Core loss is the power lost due to transformer Eddy current and hysteresis within the

  transformer core.
• Hysteresis is known as the Device Core's Reversal of Magnetization. The amount of

  waste is determined by how often there is a magnetic reversal, what grade of iron is

  being used, as well as the volume and flux density.
• Eddy current is the electric source that sends AC into the transformer on the primary

  side.
• Copper loss is the I2R power lost due to electrical resistance in the primary and

  secondary windings.
• Flux Leakage

  A portion of the induced magnetic flux from the primary coil is not transmitted to the

  secondary coil, resulting in a decrease in the electromagnetic flux (EMF) in the secondary

  coil. The
• Magnetization of the Iron Core

  The energy expense in the magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core can be

  quite high.
• Heating from Induced Eddy Currents

  This type of loss occurs in the core of the transformer.