Psycho

• Hypothesis


  There will be no difference between how quickly men and women blink in response to a flash of light
• Type of hypothesis


  Null hypothesis (definitive)
• Emotional intensity rating


  • 0
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
• Percentage of images forgotten

  • 44
  • 41
  • 42
  • 22
• Drawing a graph


  1. Label x-axis (Emotional intensity rating)

  2. Label x-axis categories (0, 1, 2, 3)

  3. Label y-axis (Percentage of images forgotten)

  4. Scale y-axis (at least 22-44)

  5. Correctly plot data
• For scenes with the highest emotional intensity rating, forgetting is lowest; OR As emotional intensity rating increases, percentage images forgotten decreases; OR As emotional intensity rating decreases, percentage images forgotten increases
• Ethical guideline of 'housing' in relation to animals

  • Avoid 'pain and distress'
  • Provide for essential needs for species/age/sex/reproductive stage/activity level (e.g. warmth/cover, food/water, nest sites/safe/shelter, sufficient space for exercise/'roaming')
  • Ensure social animals have company and solitary animals can get away from others
  • Avoid overcrowding
  • Don't clean too frequently
  • Don't locate animals near natural predators
• Questionnaire


  A method of data collection
• Interview


  A method of data collection
• Questionnaires vs Interviews


  Questionnaires have lower risk of social desirability bias, less time pressured for participants, quicker to collect data from lots of people
• Participants may not know their real reaction so can't report accurately on questionnaires (e.g. they may say they would choose asparagus but wouldn't actually in a restaurant)
• Variety of techniques in a case study

  • Can collect qualitative and quantitative data, allows comparison and looking at reasons/detail, increases validity through triangulation
• Correlation


  A relationship/link between two measured variables. Positive correlation - as one variable increases, the other also increases. Negative correlation - as one variable increases, the other decreases. Cannot determine causal relationships.
• Correlations


  • Piliavin et al. - group size and likelihood of helping (positive)
  • Dement and Kleitman - dream duration and number of words in dream narrative (positive)
  • Baron-Cohen et al. - AQ score and eyes test scores (negative/inverse)
  • Obedience and education (negative)
• Experiment


  Manipulates independent variable (IV) and measures dependent variable (DV) to look for causal relationships/differences. Laboratory experiments have more controls, field experiments have fewer controls.
• Natural experiments have the IV not manipulated by the experimenter
• Gregor is using a matched pairs design
• Privacy


  Ethical guideline concerned about questions about personal eating habits being too intrusive
• Protection from harm


  Ethical guideline concerned about children feeling upset about their food preferences
• Using volunteer sampling


  Advertise/request for participants to self-select, e.g. at parent and child clubs, schools, parenting websites
• Volunteer sampling vs random sampling

  Random sampling is more representative/generalisable and removes bias, which is important as different families will have different relationships that could affect modelling of eating
• Elise's belief that learning is the only factor affecting children's food preferences could lower the validity of her study, as she wouldn't know if another factor like biology was the cause
• Elise believes that learning is the only factor affecting the children's food preferences
• Elise's belief could lower the validity of her study


  Because it means she isn't testing what she aimed to test
• Elise's belief could lower the validity of her study


  She wouldn't know whether learning (or another factor such as) biology was the cause
• Elise's belief could lower the validity of her study

  Children's food preferences might resemble their parents' because of genes (not learning)
• Elise might be biased
• This might cause her to interpret incorrectly
• Elise's belief could lower the validity of her study

  Ignoring children who don't have parents
• Elise might see all behaviour as learned
• When it could be conformity / obedience
• Samir's friend Daniel says the action of 'jump' is too similar to 'hop'

  His advice is that Samir should use the action of 'nod' (moving the head up and down) instead of 'hop'
• Why the study would be better if Samir follows Daniel's advice

  • Nod is easier to tell apart from hop/jump
  • So records of the number of jumps may be higher than they should be
• Samir decides that he needs to video the parrot's responses

  So that he can score each response twice
• Why Samir made this decision

  • His findings will be more reliable / increase test-retest reliability
  • As he can make sure that his first and second records are the same /to ensure he is consistent
  • If they are not the same, he can recheck until he is scoring consistently
• How Wyatt could conduct a study using an overt observation to investigate phone snubbing in men and women

  1. Behaviours recorded (definition/operationalisation) time on phone, ignoring questions etc, structured/unstructured

  2. Overt status will be achieved (e.g. where the observer is / how the participants know they are being observed)

  3. Participant/ non-participant

  4. Naturalistic/controlled
• Other details for replication

  • Sampling technique
  • Sample size
  • Description of how data will analysed, e.g. use of measures of central tendency and spread, bar charts
  • Ethical issues
• Reliability


  • Consistency of a procedure/task/measure/study/research
  • Getting the same results when the procedure is the same
  • To be reliable, measures must measure the phenomenon in the same way each time
• Qualitative data


  Descriptive/detailed / in depth
• Quantitative data


  Numerical/produces a count/totals in categories