q4

• Manifesto


  Document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer, generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual
• Major categories of manifesto

  • Goal
  • List and rules
  • World
• Goal manifesto


  A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. It's public, it's declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened
• List and rules manifesto

  Manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled
• World manifesto


  This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It's not about simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the future
• Logic


  The science of thinking methodically
• False dilemma


  Occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
• False dilemma


  • "Either you fully devote yourself to company or you quit."
  • "If we don't order pizza for dinner, we'll have to eat the week-old spaghetti in the fridge."
• Appeal to ignorance


  Occurs when someone claims that a conclusion must be true if it hasn't been proven false, or false if it hasn't been proven true
• Appeal to ignorance


  • "Scientist have not found any evidence of Bigfoot. Therefore, anyone who claims to have seen Big Foot must be hallucinating."
• Slippery slope


  Occurs when someone argues, without providing adequate evidences, that a certain action will lead to an undesirable outcome via a series of events
• Slippery slope


  • "If we legalize marijuana now, next they will legalize all the other drugs, and then crime will explode."
• Complex question


  Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not
• Argumentum ad baculum/Appeal to force

  A type of informal fallacy that arises when the arguer, instead of showing the evidence, appeals to intimidation or use force to gain acceptance of his or her argument
• Argumentum ad baculum/Appeal to force

  • "If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group."
• Ad misericordiam/Appeal to pity


  Using emotional appeal to convince that the conclusion of an argument is true, instead of using relevant facts and logic
• Ad populum/Bandwagon


  Occurs when one assumes that something must be true or good based on the fact that it is popular
• Ad hominem/Attacking the person


  Used to make remarks against your opponent in a personal capacity rather than to make an attack against his or her argument
• Ad hominem/Attacking the person


  • "Andrea Dworkin has written several books arguing that pornography harms women. But Dworkin is just ugly and bitter, so why should we listen to her?"
• Appeal to authority


  When an arguer tries to get people to agree with him/her by appealing to a supposed authority who isn't much of an expert
• Appeal to authority


  • "Gun laws should be extremely strict and it should be incredibly difficult to acquire a gun. Many respected people, such as actor Brad Pit, have expressed their support on this movement."
• Anonymous authority


  The authority in question is not mentioned or named
• Anonymous authority


  • "Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples."
• Hasty generalization


  Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate
• Hasty generalization


  • "Two out of three patients who were given green tea before bedtime reported sleeping more soundly. Therefore, green tea may be used to treat insomnia."
• False analogy


  Occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
• False analogy


  • "Drugs are like massages: they make you feel good."
• Accident


  Occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception
• Accident


  • "Jaywalking is not allowed, so you should not have done that even when you were being chase by terrorists."
• Post hoc, ergo propter hoc


  Assuming that an event must have been the cause of a later event because it happened earlier
• False cause


  Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed
• False cause


  • "The rooster crows always before the sun rises, therefore causes the sun to rise"
  • "Liver damage leads to alcoholism."
• Strawman


  Ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misinterpreted version of that position
• Strawman


  • "Distorting the #blacklivesmatter movement by saying that its supporters hate all white people."
• Affirming the consequent


  Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is true
• Denying the antecedent


  Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If A is not true then B is not true
• Denying the antecedent


  • "If it barks, it's a dog."

  "It doesn't bark. Therefore, it's not a dog."
• Inconsistency


  A person commits the fallacy of inconsistency when he or she makes contradictory claims
• Inconsistency


  • "There is no evil in this world. Though evil exists in some parts of the world, we will overcome it sooner or later."