ENGLISH REVIEWER PARA SA MGA TAMAD KAGAYA KO

• Argumentative essay


  Your job is to make the reader agree with your opinion about a controversial topic
• Steps in writing an argumentative essay

  1. State your opinion

  2. Give reasons to support your opinion

  3. Argue against the opposite opinion
• Types of argument claims

  • Fact
  • Definition
  • Value
  • Cause and effect
  • Policy
• Types of argument claims

  • Fact - whether the statement is true or false
  • Definition - the dictionary definition plus your own interpretation
  • Value - the importance of what you're arguing
  • Cause and effect - what causes the problem and what effects it has
  • Policy - why you should care and what you should do about it
• Structure of a good argumentative essay

  1. Introductory paragraph - hook, background, outline evidence, state thesis

  2. Body paragraphs - cover different ideas/evidence, address opposing views, use facts/research to back up claims

  3. Conclusion - restate thesis, summarize arguments, appeal to emotions
• Issue


  A subject that people discuss or argue about
• Social issue


  A group of common problems in present-day society that many people strive to solve, e.g. overpopulation, gender inequality, poverty
• Moral issue


  Concerns your own values, beliefs, feelings, and learnings that are often subjective and concern yourself to discover your own morality, e.g. corruption, manipulation, abuses
• Economic issue


  Issues faced by the world economy, regions and countries, e.g. growth, inflation, inequality, labor
• Factors characterizing a social problem/issue

  • Society must recognize it as a problem
  • Situation is against general societal values
  • Large segment of population sees it as a valid concern
  • Can be rectified through joint action
• Tips on how to take a stand

  • Speak up and engage yourself
  • Tolerate and respect other cultures and beliefs
  • Be open-minded and explore the world
  • Show solidarity and assist those in need
  • Be active and raise your voice for good
• Factual judgments


  Based on observed facts or quantitative analysis
• Factual judgments


  • Region IV-A is composed of 5 provinces
  • Philippines' population rose to 108.1 million in 2019
• Value judgments


  Express statements of opinion based on personal preferences, relative morality, or group agreement
• Value judgments


  • Region IV-A is a big region
  • Philippines is a poor country
• Relevance


  how appropriate something is to what is being said at a given time.
• Truth


  Is something that has been proven by facts or sincerity.
• Tips on how to spot factual or truthful information

  • Consider the source
  • Read beyond
  • Check the author
  • Verify supporting sources
  • Check the date
  • Check your biases
• Consider the source


  Investigate the site you are viewing or reading
• Check the author


  Do a quick search on the author to find out if they are real and credible
• Verify supporting sources


  Determine if the given information actually supports the story
• Check the date


  Reposting old news stories does not mean they're relevant to current events. It should be updated
• Check your biases


  Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgement
• Read beyond 


  Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks, so you should focus on the whole story. You have to read and look for details such as statistics, date, name, etc.
• Evidence


  is the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
• STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE IN ANALYZING AND EVALUATING VALIDITY OF EVIDENCE

  •Argumentation

  •Specificity

  •Relevance
• Argumentation


  Identify the point/claim the author is trying to prove.
• Specificity 


  Identify specific facts, data, statistics, and examples that support the point.
• Relevance


  Explain how the pieces of evidence are related to the claim.
• FOUR TYPES OF EVIDENCE

  •STATISTICAL EVIDENCE

  •TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

  •ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

  •ANALOGICAL EVIDENCE
• Statistical evidence


  It is known as the strongest type of evidence. It comes in a form of number, percentage, or surveyed type data. Example: • 75% of women in Tayabas City... • 8 out of 10 pediatricians recommend... • 16 members of the legislative agreed upon...
• Testimonial evidence 


  Use of celebrities is the core of this second type of evidence. However, experts and authorities can also be used to collect testimonial evidence. Example: • Heart Evangelista, a well-known actress and fashion buff, recommends that Olay lotion is good on our skin.
• Anecdotal evidence 


  It is often dismissed as untrustworthy and meaningless. When the speaker does storytelling, anecdotal evidence is utilized.
• Analogical evidence 


  It is regarded as the weakest evidence. When information about something is scarce and little is known, analogical evidence is often used in a formal argument to increase the credibility of the proof. Example • If we are going to ban firearms, we should also ban cars because they cause many more deaths than firearms do.
• Argument


  tries to convince us that something is true
• Keep in mind that an argument to be considered one has to consist of:

  •conclusion

  •premise
• The conclusion is the idea we are convinced to believe.
• premise is the support or reason showing that the conclusion is true.
• Conclusion indicators


  therefore, hence, implies that, it follows that, so, thus, consequently
• Premise indicators


  since, for, given that, for the reason that,because, as, is shown by the fact that