PPT ACAD1

• Water is the universal solvent due to its POLAR nature.
• Sodium chloride is transported as Na+ and Cl– in blood can be explained by the solvent properties of water.
• Polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared between atoms with different charges.
• The polarity of water allows it to dissolve polar substances such as salts, sugars, and amino acids.
• The greater the difference in charge, the stronger the bond.
• Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Covalent molecules have weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
• Non-polar molecules do not have an overall charge and cannot form hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds.
• Fatty acids with fewer carbon atoms have a lower melting point. 
• Chocolate food items with the MOST amount of unsaturated fats.
• MOST UNSATURATED fats come from PLANT sources, while MOST SATURATED fats come from ANIMAL sources.
• different shapes and functions of different proteins are determined by the R groups of the amino acids they contain.
• The three-dimensional structure of the protein is altered as an effect of protein denaturation.
• Disaccharides decreases when lactase is added to milk
• Light intensity has the LEAST effect on enzyme activity
• DNA is double stranded, RNA single stranded
• The cell is the basic unit of biological organization according to classical cell theory.
• the surface area to volume ratio decreases as a cell grows
• Presence of cell wall can differentiate plant, fungal, and animal cells
• A plant cell was grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the parts from which DNA is built. Later examination of the cell showed the radioactivity to be concentrated in nucleus
• Due to changes in temperature, pH, and other chemical activities, bonds in proteins are broken, losing its unique three-dimensional structure.
• Enzymes most commonly end in –ase. One of their functions is to break down sugars, such as in lactASE which breaks down lactose.
• As a cell grows, its volume increases faster than its surface area; hence, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.
• Animals do NOT have a cell wall.
• Plant cell walls are made of CELLULOSE.
• Fungal cell walls are made of CHITIN.
• Most of the cell’s DNA is located inside the nucleus.
• phagocytic white blood cell would be BEST for studying lysosomes
• mitochondria will probably be present at unusually high proportions in a cell from heart muscle
• Lysosomes are organelles that have enzymes that can destroy invading viruses and bacteria. Therefore, they are especially abundant in your WBCs.
• Mitochondria are dual membrane bound organelles of eukaryotic cells that produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in order to power the cellular biochemical reactions.
• a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids would tend to INCREASE membrane fluidity
• Membrane fluidity refers to the freedom of movement of the lipid bilayer.
• ↑ Temperature = ↑ Fluidity↑ Unsaturated FA = ↑ Fluidity

  ↑ Protein content = ↓ Fluidity
• Passive transport refers to movement ALONG a concentration gradient and does not require energy.
• Active transport refers to movement AGAINST a concentration gradient and requires ATP.
• TRANSPORT across a membrane includes osmosis, active transport, transport against the gradient
• When two solutions with identical osmotic pressure are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, no osmosis will occur. The solutions are said to be isotonic. If one solution has lower osmotic pressure than the other, it is said to be hypotonic. The cell gains water that's why a cell placed in hypotonic solution swell
• As illustrated on the right, the molecules of cell membranes are arranged with their polar heads to the outside and their nonpolar tails to the inside. With this arrangement, where would you MOST likely find water molecules? A and C

  
• carbon dioxide would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane MOST rapidly.