gen bio, final

• Taxonomic Classification


  From the Latin word 'Taxa' meaning grouping
• Taxonomy


  Branch of biology devoted to naming and describing organisms
• Taxon


  Group of organisms
• Gastropoda


  • All snails
• Need for Classification is to differentiate one organism from another
• Number of species


  • Animals - 1 million
  • Plants - 20,000
  • Insects - 761,000
  • Other Animals - 281,000
  • Higher Plants - 248,000
  • Fungi - 69,000
  • Protozoa - 30,800
  • Algae - 26,100
  • Prokaryotes - 4,800
  • Viruses - 1000
• 99 million species are undescribed
• Hierarchical classification


  Reflecting different degrees of similarity among organisms
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)


  • Father of Modern taxonomic classification
  • Adopted a system of binomial nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature


  Two-part scientific name derived from Latin
• Species


  Specific epithet
• Scientific name should be italicized, genus name capitalized, species name lowercase
• Binomial names are unique and cannot be used for any other species
• Boa Constrictor


  • Non-venomous snake
• Skipjack in Hawaii


  • tuna
• Linnaeus at the age of 28 published 'Systema Naturae'


  1735
• Linnaeus published 'Species Plantarum'


  1753
• Homo sapiens


  Wise or aware human
• Streptococcus pneumoniae


  Bacteria causing strep throat and lung infection, 'strepto' meaning twisted, 'coccus' meaning berry
• Vibrio cholerae


  Bacteria caused cholera
• Humans have kept records of human and animal characteristics
• Illustrations indicates the pre-historic civilizations are aware of animal and plant characteristics such as body structures, horns and wings
• They were based on observations that desirable qualities of parents can be inherited by offspring
• Genetics


  A branch of Biology that studies hereditary information and deals with the mechanisms of heredity
• Heredity


  The passing of characteristics, e.g. eye color, hair, height, shape of earlobes and skin color
• Variations


  Differences among individuals, even though organisms belonging to the same species exhibit similar characteristics, each individual possesses unique traits that differentiates him/her from others
• Branches of Genetics

  • Mendelian Genetics
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Population Genetics
• Gregor Mendel


  Father of Genetics, an Austrian Monk
• Gregor Mendel studied the traits of garden peas (Pisum sativum) and observed the contrasting expressions (alleles) of each trait
• Monohybrid Inheritance


  Inheritance involving one pair of contrasting characters (alleles)
• Monohybrid Cross


  Mendel crossed 2 pure breeding garden peas, one with purple flower and the other with a white flower
• Genotype


  The gene that is responsible for the observed characteristic (flower color)
• Allele


  The gene responsible for the observed trait (purple or white flower)
• Phenotype


  The observable expressions of the trait
• Dominant alleles


  The trait that is expressed
• Recessive alleles


  The trait that is hidden
• Homozygous


  When two identical alleles are present (PP, pp)
• Heterozygous


  When two different alleles are present (Pp)
• Pedro B. Escuro is best known for his development, segregation and commercial release of nine Philippine Seed Board rice varieties as the upland rice varieties
• Punnett Square


  A simple method to compute for the outcomes of a cross, a diagram made of boxes used to predict the expected results of a genetic cross by considering all the possible combinations of gametes