Hot Jupiter

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  • Hot Jupiter

    A planet that's around the mass and size of Jupiter, but is very close to its star (within about 0.1 astronomical units)
  • Hot Jupiters

    • Much larger than Jupiter
    • Tidally locked to their star, with a hot dayside and cooler nightside
    • Can have hydrogen gas escaping from their atmospheres
    • Can have thermal inversions in their atmospheres, with temperature increasing with altitude
  • How hot Jupiters may form
    1. Form in place close to their stars
    2. Formed farther out and migrated inward through interactions in the protoplanetary disk
    3. Formed farther out, got onto highly elliptical orbits that were then circularized by tidal forces, bringing them close to the star
  • Planetary systems with hot Jupiters
    • Often lack other small planets nearby
    • Often have other giant planets farther out from the star
    • Tend to be around stars that are more metal-rich
  • Hot Jupiters were the first type of exoplanet discovered around sun-like stars
  • The radial velocity method was used to discover the first hot Jupiters
  • Astronomers expected to find analogs to Jupiter when they started searching for exoplanets
  • The discovery of hot Jupiters, which are much closer to their stars than Jupiter, was unexpected
  • Hot Jupiters

    Giant exoplanets that orbit very close to their host stars
  • Hot Jupiters tend to be around stars that are more metal-rich

    Astronomers refer to metals as any element heavier than hydrogen or helium
  • More metals in the star system

    May affect the disk of gas and dust that the planets formed out of, providing more solids to facilitate forming giant planet cores
  • More metals in the system
    Could enable the creation of multiple giant planets, causing gravitational interactions that put hot Jupiters on high eccentricity orbits
  • Radial velocity method

    Detects the motion of the host star due to the planet, by measuring the Doppler shift of the star's light as it moves towards or away from us
  • Transit method

    Looks for the dimming of a star's light due to a planet passing in front of it
  • Hot Jupiters are relatively rare compared to Neptune-sized worlds and super-Earths
  • Hot Jupiters weren't predicted by theories of planetary system formation and evolution

    So there must be important missing processes in those theories
  • Hot Jupiters are easier to detect and characterize using transits and radial velocity, and their atmospheres can be studied in detail
  • Increasing the sample of known hot Jupiters allows gathering more details about their orbits, compositions, sizes, and planetary systems to test theories of their origins
  • The James Webb Space Telescope aims to characterize the atmospheric properties of many hot Jupiters to help test where they formed and their formation conditions
  • The Gaia mission can help measure whether massive distant planets are in the same plane as a transiting hot Jupiter, which different theories predict differently
  • TESS is discovering hot Jupiters around bright stars, allowing better characterization of the overall planetary system architecture using radial velocity
  • Studying hot Jupiters around young stars with TESS and other surveys can help distinguish between different hot Jupiter formation scenarios
  • There is likely not a single theory that can explain all the diversity of planetary systems, including our own solar system lacking a hot Jupiter
  • Multiple pathways may exist to form hot Jupiters, motivating further study of these exoplanets
  • The Wealth of Nations was written
    1776
  • Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
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