Health🩺

• Types of prevention

  • Primary prevention: keeps the disease from occurring by removing risk factors
  • Secondary prevention: detects diseases early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing
  • Tertiary prevention: directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease that is already present
• Acute/chronic/congenital conditions


  A disease is a chronic or acute illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems. Each disease has signs and symptoms that characterize its pathophysiology and etiology. Congenital: defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest.
• Diagnosis


  The nature or cause of a health problem. Process requires careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Development of diagnosis involves weighing possibilities and selecting the most likely cause of a disease.
• Etiology/clinical manifestations/signs/symptoms/prognosis


  • Etiologic factors: biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficits
  • Clinical manifestations: signs & symptoms
  • Prognosis: probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease
• Evidence-based practice


  Making decisions in health care based on scientific data that have been shown a specific way of managing a disease, patient symptoms & complaints.
• Inflammation stages


  • Local: very small inflammation or ulcers that are on the skin
  • Systemic: inflammation throughout the whole body
• Keloids


  Tumor-like masses caused by excess production of scar tissue. More common in African Americans and linked to more genetics.
• Leukocytosis


  Increased white blood cells, frequent sign of inflammatory response, especially caused by bacterial infection. Increases from a normal value 4,000-10,000 cells; to 15,000-20,000 cells in acute inflammatory disease.
• Leukopenia


  Decreased in white blood cells
• Types of drainage


  • Serous: Watery fluids low in protein, result from plasma entering the inflammatory site
  • Hemorrhagic: Severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of red cells from capillaries
• Primary/secondary intention/impairments to healing/collagen synthesis


  • Primary intention- smaller wound ex. Sutured surgical incision no tissue loss
  • Secondary intention- Larger wounds ex. burns, large wounds slower to heal because of a larger amount of scar tissue
  • Impairments to healing- wound healing is impaired by malnutrition, blood flow, and oxygen delivery impaired inflammatory/ immune response, infection, bite wounds, and age
  • Collagen synthesis- peak within 5-7 days depending on wound size. Needs vitamin C, contributes to the formation of scar tissue, important in development of strength and healing wounds
• Stages of infection


  • Incubation: Phase during which the pathogen begins active replication w/o producing recognizable symptoms in the host
  • Prodromal: Initial appearance of symptoms in the host, clinical presentation during this time may be only vague sense of malaise
  • Acute: Period during which the host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the pathogen
  • Convalescent: Containment of the infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms
• Types of infection


  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • H. pylori
• Pre-op care


  Preparing a patient for surgery, making adjustments to medication, scheduling tests and exams, and physical and psychological preparation
• Post-op care


  Care after a surgical procedure, respiratory status, color, fluid intake, special equipment, dressing, psychological equilibrium
• Immunity and the different kinds

  • Innate immunity: Cellular and biochemical defenses that are normally in place before an encounter with an infectious agent and provide rapid protection against infection. Uses pattern recognition.
  • Adaptive immunity: Acquired through previous exposure to infectious and other foreign agents.
  • Humoral immunity: mediated by the B lymphocytes (bacterial) , principal defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins. Antibody secreting plasma cells differentiate the antibody cells & destroy microbes present in blood or mucosal surfaces.
  • Cellular immunity: Mediated by cytotoxic T cells (more specific for viruses) and functions in the elimination of intracellular pathogens.
• Immunoglobins


  • IgG: Display antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties. Crosses the placenta, responsible for the protection of newborns, activates complement, and binds to macrophages.
  • IgA: identical molecules and is the second most common Ig found in serum, prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells.
  • IgM: first antibody to be produced by the developing fetus and by immature B lymphocytes.
  • IgD: May play a role in B-cell differentiation.
  • IgE: least common. Essential for combating parasitic infections.
• Lymph nodes


  Elongated, bilobed structure located in the mediastinum above the heart and serves as a specialized immune system organ. T-lymphocyte maturation.
• Immunodeficiency


  • HIV/AIDS
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • TB
• Antigens


  Foreign to the body but when introduced trigger the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes, leading to the destruction of the invader.
• Antibodies


  Protein molecules also known as Igs.
• Histamine


  Essential for combating parasitic infections.
• Dyspnea


  Labored breathing
• Hypoxemia


  Reduction in arterial blood O2, considered a PaO2 less than 95mmHg
• Hypoxia


  Inadequate supply of O2 to tissue, below physiologic levels
• Acid-base balance


  Influenced by the amount of dissolved CO2 & bicarbonate in the blood
• Acid-Base Chemistry


  Acids produce hydrogen ions, bases accept hydrogen ions
• Carbon dioxide transport


  • Dissolved CO2 (10%)
  • Attached to hemoglobin (30%)
  • As bicarbonate (60%)
• Hypokalemia


  Decrease in plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mGa/L. Clinical manifestations: alterations in renal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular & neuromuscular function. Signs/symptoms: anorexia, nausea, vomiting. Treatment: increase foods high in potassium, oral potassium supplements, IV potassium.
• Hyperkalemia


  Increase in plasma levels of potassium in excess of 5 mGa/L. Clinical manifestations: decrease in neuromuscular excitability, cardiac conduction. Signs/symptoms: paresthesia, generalized muscle weakness, or dyspnea. Treatment & diagnosis: complete history, physical examination, signs of volume depletion, plasma potassium levels, ECG findings. Treated by increase in plasma potassium, IV infusions of insulin & glucose.
• Aldosterone


  Essential role in regulating K+ elimination by kidney via Na+/K+
• Respiratory conditions


  • Atelectasis: partial expansion of the lungs, which is caused by obstruction or compression of the lung tissue
  • Emphysema: loss of lungs elasticity and abnormal enlargement of a airspace distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of alveolar walls & capillary beds
  • Asthma: acute and reversible form of airway disease caused by narrowing of airways to bronchospasm, inflammation and increased airways secretions
  • COPD: Group of disorders that cause chronic and recurrent obstruction of the pulmonary airways. COPD is emphysema and bronchitis
  • Pulmonary embolism: blood-borne substance lodges in a branch of pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow
• Types of pneumonia


  • Community acquired: infections from organisms found in community versus in hospital or nursing home
  • Hospital acquired: lower respiratory tract infection that was not present or incubating on admission to the hospital
  • Immunocompromised: major source of morbidity & mortality
  • Pneumococcal Pneumonia: most common type of bacterial pneumonia
  • Legionnaire disease: form of bronchopneumonia cause by gram-negative rod
• Tuberculosis


  World's foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent. Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, a slender rod-shaped aerobic bacterium that do not form spores (acid-fast bacilli). Infect practically any organ of the body. Macrophage directed attack, resulting in parenchymal destruction. Cell mediated immune response. Bovine acquired from drinking milk by infected cow.
• Influenza/cold


  • Causes acute upper respiratory tract infections in human. Belongs to Orthomyoviridae family, segmented single-stranded ribonucleic acid genome (RNA). Types A,B,C infect human. Type A infects multiple species, divided into subtypes based on glycoproteins HA (hemagglutinin, attachment proteins allows virus to enter epithelial cells in resp. Tract) and NA (neuraminidase, facilitates viral replication from the cell). Type B/C undergo less frequent antigenic shifts. A/B abrupt onset of fever/chills. Limit infection of upper respiratory tract.
• Cardiac function


  Main function is to transport: Delivers O2 and nutrients to the tissue, Carries waste products from cellular metabolism to kidneys & other excretory organs, Circulates electrolytes and hormones, Transports various immune substances that contribute to body defense mechanisms, Helps regulate Temperature.
• Circulatory System


  • Pulmonary Circulation (right heart, pulmonary artery, Capillaries, veins) - moves blood supply through lungs, creates a link with gas exchange function of respiratory system
  • Systemic Circulation ( left heart, Aorta, supply brain, peripheral tissue, Vena Cava)- supplies all the other tissues of the body
• Blood flow


  • Laminar: laying blood components in center, prevents clotting factors on cell wall
  • Turbulent: disordered flow, blood moves cross & lengthwise in blood vessels
• Raynaud phenomenon


  Intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles in the fingers and less often, the toes. Excessive vasoconstriction, precipitated by exposure to cold/strong emotions.
• Hypertension


  • Primary: clinical presence without evidence of a specific causative clinical condition
  • Secondary: due to congenital cardiac disorders or renal disease