week 12 GMO

• Biotechnology


  Use of living systems, organisms, or biologically derived materials to develop or make products
• Bioengineering


  The application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically-viable products
• Branches of Biotechnology


  • Blue biotechnology
  • Green biotechnology
  • Red biotechnology
  • White biotechnology
• Genes


  The basic physical and functional unit of heredity, carried on a chromosome
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic Acid, genes are made up of

  
• Protein Making


  DNA → RNA → Protein
• Genetic Engineering


  Process of manipulating genes for practical purposes
• Manipulating DNA


  1. Cutting DNA

  2. Making Recombinant DNA

  3. Cloning

  4. Screening

  
• Recombinant DNA


  DNA molecules that are artificially made from two or more different organisms

  
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms described as transgenic, containing genes from other species
• Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor
• Vaccines


  Transferring genes that stimulate antibody formation to a harmless microorganism and using it as a vaccine against a particular disease
• Vaccines created using gene splicing

  • Cowpox virus
  • Herpes simplex type I virus (cold sores)
  • Influenza virus
  • Hepatitis B virus
• Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly


  1997
• Clone


  A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
• Transgenic


  An organism that contains genes from other species
• Substances produced by transgenic bacteria

  • Insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Clotting factor
• Transgenic plants


  • They contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don't have to be sprayed with pesticides
• Transgenic animals


  • They have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply
  • Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans
  • Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)


  Organisms in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination
• Genetically Modified Maize


  • Using Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) which is a bacterium found in soils that naturally produces crystal-like proteins (Cry proteins) that selectively kill a few specific insect species
  • To express agriculturally desirable traits such as resistance to pests and to herbicides
• Genetically Modified Papaya


  • Papaya orchards throughout most of the world are severely damaged by the destructive disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus
• Roundup Ready Soy Bean


  • A genetically engineered crop resistant to glyphosate, with the gene allowing resistance to glyphosate taken from a type of bacteria called Agrobacteria
• Golden Rice


  • A genetically modified, biofortified crop intended to be used in combination with existing approaches to overcome Vitamin A deficiency
• Arctic Apple


  • A trademark for a group of patented apples that contain a non-browning trait, achieved through gene silencing that reduces the expression of polyphenol oxidase
• AquAdvantage Salmon


  • The typical growth hormone regulating gene in the Atlantic salmon was replaced with the growth hormone regulating gene from Pacific Chinook salmon, enabling the GM salmon to grow year round instead of only during spring and summer
• Concerns of the Society regarding GMOs

  • Is this food safe?
  • Should food be labeled?
  • Are there adverse environmental effects?
  • Patenting of seeds?
  • Discrimination against the poor
  • Who benefits?
• Benefits of GMOs


  • Increased productivity through effective combating of weeds, diseases and pests
  • Positive impact on biodiversity, contributing to environmental protection through overall reduction of the quantities of pesticides
  • Improved consumer health through reducing adverse effects based on reducing dependence on conventional pesticides
  • Improving ground water and surface water based on reducing pesticide residues
  • Higher profits for producers by reducing the cost of production
  • Lower prices for consumers
• Potential Risks of GMOs

  • Inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the environment
  • Promotes mutation in organisms, which the long-term effects are still unknown
  • Human consumption might have effects like more allergic reactions, gene mutation, antibiotic resistance and change in nutritional value
• Safeguards in GMO


  • Codex Alimentarius Commission - responsible for the development of standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on food safety
  • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - international environmental treaty that regulates the transboundary movements of GMOs
  • International Trade Agreement on Labeling of GM food and food products - an agreement that requires exporters of GM food and food products to label their products and give rights to importing parties to reject or accept the GM products
• Biotechnology


  Use of living systems, organisms, or biologically derived materials to develop or make products
• Bioengineering


  The application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically-viable products
• Branches of Biotechnology


  • Blue biotechnology
  • Green biotechnology
  • Red biotechnology
• Genes


  The basic physical and functional unit of heredity, carried on a chromosome
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic Acid, genes are made up of
• Protein Making


  DNA → RNA → Protein
• Genetic Engineering


  The group of techniques used to cut up and join together genetic material, especially DNA from different biological species, and to introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism in order to form new combinations of heritable genetic material

  
• Steps in Genetic Engineering

  1. Cutting DNA

  2. Making Recombinant DNA

  3. Cloning

  4. Screening

  
• Recombinant DNA


  DNA molecules that are artificially made from two or more different organisms

  
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques