section 3

• Behaviourist: Classical conditioning for phobias

  1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)->Unconditioned Response (UCR)

  unconditional stI’m+Neutral Stimulus (NS)->unconditioned response

  4. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)->Conditioned Response (CR)
• Operant conditioning


  Explains how phobias are maintained
• Operant conditioning (Skinner, 1974)


  • Theory that behavior is influenced by the consequences of our actions
  • At an early age, we learn which of our actions are rewarded and which are punished
• Maintenance of maladaptive behaviour (phobia)

  1. Phobia is reinforced when Stimulus/event is avoided (negative reinforcement)

  3. This reduces the fear and is rewarding so avoidance is repeated therefore phobia is mainstained
• SLT-> neo-behaviourist theory


  Phobias may be acquired through observatio and imitation of others
• Cognitive explanation of depression: Beck cognitive triad 


  The world- individual has negative outlook on life

  their self- thinks they’re worthless

  their future- thinks they’re future will be negative