PR 1

• Definition Terms


  This section of the researcher lists the terms used in the research and explains their meaning
• Definition of Terms


  • Terms should be listed in alphabetical order
  • Abbreviations used in the research should be spelled out
• Literal Meaning


  Exact meaning of the word
• Operational Meaning


  Usage of the term in the context of the research paper
• Plagiarism


  Conscious use of another individual's work and claiming it to be one's own, either directly or indirectly
• The Philippine Copyright Law & Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) governs the protection and rights of an intellectual property's owner
• Types of Plagiarism

  • Blatant Plagiarism
  • Technical Plagiarism
• Blatant Plagiarism


  Individual tries to deceive readers about the ownership of the composition, claiming it as his own
• Technical Plagiarism


  Writer did not comply with proper practices of citing sources of information
• Language Use


  • Researcher should also consider the words used in the study
  • Offensive words should be avoided
  • Sensitivity should be exhibited
• Fraud


  Effort to present false information for the purpose of finishing the study
• To avoid fraud


  • Honesty - fabrication, falsification and misrepresentation of data must be avoided
  • Objectivity - avoid or minimize bias or self deception
  • Integrity - strive for consistency of thought and action by keeping your promises and agreements; sincerity
  • Carefulness - critically examine your own work and the work of your peers to avoid careless errors and negligence
• Methodology


  Discusses relevant information regarding how the research will be conducted
• Parts of Methodology


  • Research Design
  • Subjects/Sample of the Study
  • Research Locale
  • Instrumentation
  • Data Analysis or Statistical Treatment
• Research Designs

  • Phenomenology
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded Theory
  • Case Study
  • Historical Design
• Phenomenology

  Focuses on the lived experiences of the respondents and their interpretations for the said experiences, trying to understand the meaning of these experiences for the individual
• Ethnography


  Deals with studying a specific topic within the context of a particular group of people
• Grounded Theory


  Gathering and analyzing data for the sake of formulating a theory, thus the theory is "grounded" on the data
• Case Study


  Comprehensive investigation and deeply understanding of a specific individual, group, or institution; very limited number of respondents
• Historical Design


  Focuses on identifying, locating, evaluating, and synthesizing data from past events for the purpose of accepting or rejecting a hypothesis
• Samples


  The chosen participants in the study
• Sampling


  Process of choosing respondents
• Sampling Techniques


  • Probability Sampling
  • Non-Probability Sampling
• Probability Sampling


  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling


  Samples are chosen randomly through chance, fishbowl or lottery method
• Systematic Random Sampling


  Uses a specific system in facilitating the random selection of samples, every nth of population
• Stratified Random Sampling


  Population is divided into groups based on their characteristics, then randomly selected
• Cluster Sampling


  Each member of the population is assigned to groups called clusters, then choose a cluster to be sample
• Non-Probability Sampling


  • Quota Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Volunteer Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Quota Sampling


  Select or gather samples based on the number that needs to be met
• Purposive Sampling


  Selects samples based on criteria that he or she set
• Volunteer Sampling


  Samples who made the choice to be included in the research
• Convenience Sampling


  Weakest sampling technique as the researcher is not required to consider any characteristics for the samples in the study aside from being easy to reach, thus being convenient
• Snowball Sampling


  Does not have a definite list of samples but would rather rely on his current sample to recommend or refer to the next sample for the study
• Common Data Collection Methods

  • Interview
  • Observation
  • Questionnaire
  • Document Collection
• Interview


  Method where the researcher asks respondents about a specific topic, detailed information, exploring experiences, or feelings that need explanation; open-ended questions and used in phenomenology
• Types of Interview

  • Individual Interview
  • Group Interview
• Individual Interview


  Only one respondent at a time
• Group Interview


  Done with groups; focus group and natural group
• Focus Group


  Based on specific characteristics