physiology midterm 2024

• Physiology

  Study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, includes all chemical and physical processes, integrative science
• Pathophysiology


  Study of abnormal functioning
• Teleological Approach

  Describing physiological processes by their purpose rather than their mechanism
• Mechanistic Approach

  The ability to explain the mechanism that underlies physiological events
• Homeostasis

  Regulation of the body's internal environment by quickly restoring changed conditions and returning it back to normal, the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
• Loss of Homeostasis

  Caused by external/internal change, sensed by organism, physiology attempt to correct, dynamic steady state
• Levels of Organization

  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
  • Population of one species
  • Ecosystem of different species
  • Biosphere
• Experimental Design

  1. Observation

  2. Hypothesis

  3. Experimental data

  4. Replication

  5. Model

  6. Theory
• Independent Variable

  What is changed/controlled
• Dependent Variable

  What is tested/measured
• Controlled

  What is kept the same
• Hypothesis

  A logical guess about how an event takes place
• Difficult to interpret results- genetic/environmental variability
• Placebo

  An inactive substance used in medical treatment
• Experimental Design Formats

  • Longitudinal/cross sectional
  • Prospective/retrospective
  • Meta-analysis
• Protons

  (+) Determine element (atomic number)
• Neutrons

  (=) Determine isotope
• Protons + Neutrons


  Atomic mass
• Electrons

  (-) Form covalent bonds, gain/loss create ions, capture/store energy, create free radicals
• Isotopes

  An atom of the same element that gains or loses neutrons
• Ions

  An atom of the same element that gains or loses electrons
• Cations

  (+) Lost electron
• Anion

  (-) Gain electron
• Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleotides
• Biomolecules are associated with living organisms
• Conjugated proteins are lipoproteins
• Glycosylated molecules have the prefix 'glyco-'
• Polymers are made of repeating units
• Fatty acids

  Long chains of carbon atoms bound to hydrogens with a carbon (-COOH) or acid group at one end of the chain
• Types of fatty acids


  • Saturated: no double bonds
  • Monounsaturated: one double bond
  • Polyunsaturated: more than two double bonds
• Formation of Lipids

  1. Glycerol is a simple 3 carbon molecule that is the "backbone"

  2. Monoglyceride: g + 1 fatty acid

  3. Diglyceride: g + 2 fatty acids

  4. Triglyceride: g + 3 fatty acids (more than 90% of lipids)
• Monosaccharides

  • 5 carbon (pentose): ribose + deoxyribose (DNA/RNA)
  • 6 carbon (hexose): fructose + glucose + galactose (metabolism/energy storage)

  
• Mono

  Simple sugar
• Di


  Mono + mono
• Poly

  Long chain of sugars (storage)
• Amino Acids

  (-COOH) + (-NH2) + (-R), R group identifies amino acid
• Amino Acids

  • Essential: amino acids the human body cannot synthesize + must obtain from the diet
  • Nonessential: amino acids made by the human body
• Nucleotide

  (One or more phosphate group) + (5 carbon sugar) + (Carbon-nitrogen ring structure- nitrogenous base)
• pH

  • Measurement of how acidic/basic something is
  • More acidic (more H+ ions): <7
  • Neutral: 7
  • More basic (more OH- ions): >7
• Extracellular fluid

  Fluid outside cell, 1/3 of the body fluid volume, consisting of interstitial fluid (75% ECF volume) between circulatory system/cells + plasma (25% of ECF volume) substances moving between plasma/IF must cross leaky exchange epithelium of capillary wall