Agriculture

• Agriculture originated from the word "ager" which means field and cultura, signifying culture
• Field refers to soil, land or farm
• Culture means to raise and cultivate
• Agriculture is a science of cultivating the soil, harvesting crops, and raising livestock. All activities concerning plants and animals are related to agriculture.
• Crop production, Livestock and Poultry raising, Fish production are the activities involved in agriculture.
• Rice is the nation's staple food
• Corn is the number one substitute for rice
• Commercial crops are produced principally for commerce and trade
• Food crops are generally intended for household consumption, although excess production may be sold for income.
• Livestock is the of raising animals for pleasure
• Commercial fishing, Municipal fishing, Aquaculture, are the three categories of fishing.
• Raw material help industries in carrying out of their activities.
• Agriculture serve as a supplier of raw materials needed by the industries
• Agriculture is a consumer of industrial products such as clothes, shoes, soap, sugar, and some processed food
• Landlordism and tenancy are roadblocks to Philippine agricultural development
• For centuries, much of the country's prime agricultural lands were in the hands of a few rich persons as landlords.
• Agrarian unrest in the Philippines dates back to the Spanish period when Spanish Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the encomienda system in 1571
• Colonial government took away the farmlands from the inhabitants of the island
• Encomienda were granted as rewards to Spanish soldiers and settlers for their loyal services to the Spanish King
• Encomenderos were the recipients of the encomienda. They had to protect their subject, maintain peace and order within their jurisdiction, and help the friars with their missionary work.
• tributo is a direct tax levied against all inhabitants of the island. It was payable in cash or kind
• Hacienda is a large tracts agricultural lands owned by a few rich filipinos.
• Friar land act - law authorized the american colonial government to acquire the lands from the friars and sell them to filipinos
• Caciques - These few families became the american period generation of landlords
• the spaniard's notorious techniques are: Takipan, Talinduwa, Takalanan, Pasunod, Baligtaran
• The government leased tenanted lands from haciendas in Central luzon, cagayan valley, bohol
• who are the presidents : Magsaysay, macapagal, marcos, Corazon Aquino
• Land reform - the deliberate attempt by the government to reorganize the prevailing agrarian structure
• The Philippine commission under Governor-General William Howard Taft purchased friar-owned lands w/ the intention of selling them to the tenants on installment basis
• Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon instituted urgent reforms in the agricultural sector immediately after he assumed office
• It was a response to the Sakdal Uprising stage by around 65k partially armed peasants on may 1935
• Manuel Quezon created the National Rice and Corn Corporation to stabilize the price of rice and corn and to ensure their adequate supply
• Manuel Quezon established the Agricultural and Industrial bank and organized farmer's cooperatives to enable the farmers to acquire farmlands on easy terms
• This technique requires tenants to pay 100% interest - Takipan
• This technique requires tenants to pay in cash - Baligtaran
• This technique requires tenants to pay 50% interest - Talinduwa
• This technique requires tenants to pay in kind - takalanan
• This type of technique forces the tenant to borrow money - Pasunod