Biological molecules

• What is the monomer of starch?

  The monomer of starch is alpha glucose.
• What is the monomer of cellulose?

  The monomer of cellulose is beta glucose.
• What is the monomer of glycogen?

  The monomer of glycogen is alpha glucose.
• What is the function of starch?


  Storage of glucose (energy)
• Where I the location of startch?

  plant cells (chloroplasts)
• Where is the location of cellulose?

  plant cell wall
• Where is the location of glycogen (generally)?

  in animals-mainly in muscle and liver cells
• What is the structure of starch’s two polymers?


  Amylose: an Un-branched helix

  Amylopectin: A branched molecule
• what is the structure of cellulose?


  Polymer forms long straight chains which are held in parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils (mesh like structure)
• What is the structure of glycogen?

  Highly branched molecule
• structure - function starch?

  helix is compact allowing it to fit a lot of glucose in a small space

  Branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis into glucose

  insoluble so does not effect water potential
• Structure-function cellulose?

  many hydrogen bonds to provide tensile strength

  insoluble so won’t effect water potential
• Structure- function of glycogen?

  branched structure which increases the surface area for quick hydrolysis back into glucose

  insoluble so won’t effect water potential
• What makes up triglycerides?

  one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• What makes up a phsolipid?

  one phosphate group, one glycerol and 2 fatty acids
• How many condensation reactions occur upon the formation of triglycerides?

  3
• what bonds are formed upon the formation of tryglycerides?

  ester bonds
• EQ: in what way can fatty acids differ from one another?


  They can vary in the length of their fatty acid chains and they can either be saturated or unsaturated
• what is the primary structure of a protein?


  the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain-which is a polymer
• What is the secondary structure of a protein?


  the sequence of amino acids causes parts of the molecule to bend either into an alpha helix shape or fold into a beta pleated sheet

  both of which are held by hydrogen bonds

  alpha helix has hydrogen bonds between every fourth peptide bond

  beta pleated sheet has hydrogen bonds between parallel peptide chains
• What is the tertiary structure of proteins?


  The further folding of the secondary structure

  forms 3D shape

  Held in place by ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds
• What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

  The quaternary structure of a protein refers to the arrangement of multiple protein subunits to form a functional protein complex.

  protein made up of more than one polypeptide chain
• What is the Benedict’s test for non-reducing sugars?


  1. following a negative Benedict’s test where the substance Is heated with Benedict’s reagent and heated and there is a negative result
  2. add hydrochloric acid and boil (to hydrolyze)
  3. cool the solution and add an alkali to neutralize
  4. add Benedict’s reagent and heat once more
  5. a positive test should show a color change from blue to orange or brick red
• Structure-function of triglycerides?


  Energy storage- long chain hydrocarbon

  procreation, cushioning and insulation- found in adipose tissue throughout the body

  high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms- acts as a metabolic water source, releasing water when oxidized

  insoluble- do not effect water potential and osmosis
• Describe the arrangement of the fluid mosaic double membrane?


  Hydrophilic phosphate head on outside (polar)

  Hydrophobic fatty acid tail on inside (non-polar)
• Features of monosaccharides?


  (CH2O)n

  water soluble

  Reducing sugars
• What are the features of disaccharides?

  C12H22O11

  water soluble, but less readily than monosaccharides
• Which disaccharides are non-reducing?


  Sucrose
• Which disaccharides are reducing?

  Lactose and Maltose
• What are the features of polysaccharides?


  C6H10O5

  Water insoluble

  non-reducing
• What is maltose made of?


  Two alpha glucose

  1,4 glycosidic bond
• What is sucrose made of?

  One alpha glucose one beta fructose

  1,2 glycosidic bond
• Describe the structure of sucrose

  alpha glucose bonded to beta glucose through glycosidic bond, formed through condensation reaction
• What are the features of amylopectin?


  Monomer is alpha glucose

  Branched

  Compact

  both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• What makes up glycogen?


  Alpha glucose 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds branches
• What’s the structure of maltose?


  Alpha glucose, 1,4 bond
• What’s the structure of cellulose?


  Beta glucose, 1,4 flicosidic bond, straight, linear, non-branched, makes fibrous mesh
• What are the features of a saturated fatty acid?


  No c-c double bond

  straight

  max no of hydrogen atoms

  solid at room temp
• What are the features of am unsaturated fatty acid?


  C-C double bond

  has kinks

  no max no. Of h bonds

  liquid at room temp
• How do you practically detect a non-reducing sugar with a Benedict’s test, what must be done first?


  The non-reducing sugar must first be broken down into its monosaccharide components by hydrolysis