chapter 4

• Emma Jung realized that Toni Wolff could do more for Carl than she (or anyone else) could


  Emma Jung remained grateful to Wolff
• Jung's posthumously published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, does not mention Toni Wolff
• Jung's children had lifelong resentments toward Toni Wolff and had veto power over what appeared in their father's autobiography
• Jung: '"The prerequisite for a good marriage, it seems to me, is the license to be unfaithful"'
• After Jung and Freud's trip to the United States, personal and theoretical differences became more intense as their friendship cooled
• In 1913, Jung and Freud terminated their personal correspondence, and the following year, Jung resigned the presidency and shortly afterward withdrew his membership in the International Psychoanalytic Association
• Jung's erotic feelings toward Freud


  May have been one of the major reasons why Jung eventually broke from Freud
• From December of 1913 until 1917, Jung underwent the most profound and dangerous experience of his life—a trip through the underground of his own unconscious psyche
• Creative illness


  A term used to describe Freud and Jung's self-analysis in their late 30s/early 40s
• Jung's journey into the unconscious was dangerous and painful, but also necessary and fruitful
• Jung's methods during his journey into the unconscious

  1. Wrote down dreams

  2. Drew pictures of dreams

  3. Told himself stories and followed them

  4. Became acquainted with personal unconscious

  5. Discovered collective unconscious and archetypes

  6. Achieved individuation
• Jung


  • Christian but did not attend church
  • Hobbies included wood carving, stone cutting, and sailing
  • Maintained active interest in alchemy, archeology, gnosticism, Eastern philosophies, history, religion, mythology, and ethnology
• After his wife died in 1955, Jung was mostly alone, the "wise old man of Küsnacht"
• Conscious


  Images sensed by the ego, while unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego
• Ego


  The center of consciousness, but not the core of personality. The ego must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious
• Personal unconscious


  Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual
• Complexes


  Emotionally toned conglomerations of associated ideas in the personal unconscious
• Collective unconscious


  Roots in the ancestral past of the entire species, representing innate tendency to react in particular ways
• Archetypes


  Ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious, similar to complexes but more generalized
• Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of humans' early ancestors
• Dreams are the main source of archetypal material, and certain dreams offer proof for the existence of the archetype
• Hallucinations of psychotic patients also offered evidence for universal archetypes to Jung
• The book, written in Greek, dealt with a liturgy derived from the so-called Paris magic papyrus, which described an ancient rite of the worshippers of Mithras, the Persian god of light
• In this liturgy, the initiate was asked to look at the sun until he could see a tube hanging from it. The tube, swinging toward the east and west, was the origin of the wind
• Dieterich's account of the sun-phallus of the Mithraic cult was nearly identical to the hallucination of the mental patient who, almost certainly, had no personal knowledge of the ancient initiation rite
• Freud looked first to the personal unconscious and resorted to the phylogenetic endowment only when individual explanations failed—as he sometimes did when explaining the Oedipus complex
• In contrast, Jung placed primary emphasis on the collective unconscious and used personal experiences to round out the total personality
• Archetypes


  Autonomous forces in the collective unconscious, each with a life and a personality of its own
• Archetypes


  • A great number exist as vague images, only a few have evolved to the point where they can be conceptualized
  • The most notable include the persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old man, hero, and self
• Persona


  The side of personality that people show to the world
• If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization
• To become psychologically healthy, we must strike a balance between the demands of society and what we truly are
• Shadow


  The archetype of darkness and repression, representing those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
• To come to grips with the darkness within ourselves is to achieve the "realization of the shadow"
• People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless, come under its power and lead tragic lives, constantly running into "bad luck" and reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for themselves
• Anima


  The feminine side of men, originating in the collective unconscious as an archetype
• To master the projections of the anima, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality
• Animus


  The masculine archetype in women, symbolic of thinking and reasoning
• The animus is responsible for thinking and opinion in women just as the anima produces feelings and moods in men
• Great Mother


  An archetype representing both positive (fertility and nourishment) and negative (power and destruction) forces