chapter 11 - the respiratory system

• Breathing - is something we don't give much thought to because it looks after itself automatically
• Oxygen - passes out of the bloodstream and into the tissue cells
• Carbon dioxide - passes from the tissue cells into the bloodstream and is carried by the blood back to the lungs to be exhaled
• Capnia - comes from the Greek word meaning "smoke"
• Respiratory rate - the normal adult cycle of inhaling and exhaling takes place about 16-18 times per minute
• Nose - acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air
• Pharynx - serves as a food and air passageway
• Larynx - voice box
• Epiglottis - flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
• Trachea - the windpipe
• Bronchus - plural is bronchi; two branches that carry air from the trachea to the lungs
• Bronchioles - smallest subdivision of the brochial tree
• Lungs - two sponge-like organs in the chest cavity
• Pleura - serous membrane covering each lung and lining the chest cavity
• Diaphragm - muscular partition that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
• Mediastinum - space between the lungs that contain the heart, esophagus, trachea, and others
• External nasal nares - when we inhale, or inspire, air enters the body through the nose
• Cilia - fine hairs that filter out foreign bodies and warm and moisten the air
• Paranasal sinuses - are hollow, air spaces in the skull that join up with the nasal cavity
• 500 cubic feet of air - passes through the nasal cavities every 24 hours
• 3 parts of pharynx:

  • nasopharynx - is nearest the nasal cavity and contains the adenoids
  • oropharynx - where the tonsils, two rounded masses of lymphatic tissue, are located
  • hypopharynx - where the pharynx serves as a common passageway
• Glottis - the vocal chords have a slit between them and causes vibration
• Adenoid - comes from the Greek word aden meaning "gland" and cidos meaning "like"
• Trachea - a tube 4 1/2 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter, and is kept open by 16-20 rings of cartilage
• Adam's apple - the largest cartilage ring in the larynx
• Bronchi - the trachea divides into two branches
• Bronchioles - smallest of the bronchial branches
• Alveoli - clusters of air sacs at the end of the bronchioles which is made up of a layer of epithelium
• Pleura - a membrane that covers each lung
• Parietal pleura - the outer layer nearest to the ribs
• Right lung - slightly larger and is divides into three lobes
• Left lung - has two lobes
• laryngoplasty - surgical repair of the larynx
• oropharynx - portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
• pharyngitis - inflammation of the phraynx
• rhinoplasty - plastic surgery of the nose
• sinography - x-ray recording of the sinuses
• bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi
• bronchiolectasis - dilation of the bronchioles
• pleuritis - inflammation of the pleura