Respiratory system

• Name A B C

  A) IRV

  B) Tidal volume

  C) ERV

  
• Minute ventilation = Tidal volume x breathing frequency
• Name the structures

  A) Nasal cavity

  B) Tongue

  C) Epiglottis

  D) Pharynx

  
• Alveoli


  Air sacs, one cell thick, surrounded by network of capillaries
• How many alveoli are there?

  300 million
• Passageway of air


  Nasal cavity - epiglottis - pharynx - larynx, trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
• Neural control of breathing

  Inspiration is active, expiration is passive
• Rate of diffusion (A)


  Increased function of alveoli = more efficient gas exchange. more oxygen means athlete can perform longer without fatigue
• Tidal volume increases due to stronger muscle contractions
• Best way to describe the environment of the alveolus is moist
• The diaphragm forms the base of the thoracic cavity
• The epiglottis is made of cartilage
• True or false, Trachea does not allow gas exchange?

  True
• Name the structures

  A) Bronchioles

  B) Bronchi

  
• When exercise intensity increases, the diffusion gradient gets shallower
• Alveoli features

  • One cells thick
  • Dense network of capillaries
• Asthma attack

  1. Antigens detect foreign objects
  2. Stimulate histamine production
  3. Causes airway muscles to constrict
  4. Less blood reaches brain/shortness of breath
• Respiratory muscles


  Become stronger and contract with greater force, Thoracic cavity opens increasing volume of air that can be inhaled
• Epiglottis


  Small flap of cartilage at back of throat

  Ensures food is taken to stomach not lungs
• Trachea


  Start of lower respiratory tract

  Made of rings of cartilage ---> prevents collapsing
• Bronchi


  Branches off trachea

  Brings air to lungs and clears impurities
• Larynx


  Vocal chords made of cartilage
• Nasal cavity warms air and contains cilia which prevent foreign particles from entering
• Pharynx - Passageway for food
• Lungs allow oxygen to be drawn into the body
• Increase in vital capacity (A)

  More efficient oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal
• Expiration

  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Ribs move downwards
  • Pressure increases
  • Volume decreases
• Inspiration

  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Ribs pulled upwards
  • Diaphragm flattens
  • Volume of increases
  • Pressure decreases
• Desribe the external intercostal muscles

  Pull upwards during contraction (Expiration)
• Explain gas exchange in the lungs

  Oxygen diffuses into capillaries Carbon dioxide is remove
• How do chemoreceptors control breathing?

  1. At rest normal breathing occurs
  2. During exercise Chemoreceptors detect CO2 increase
  3. Medulla sends message to increase breathing rate
  4. After exercise chemoreceptors detect drop in CO2
  5. Medulla sends message to decrease breathing rate
• How does breathing change when we start to exercise?

  Increased breathing rate

  Increased tidal volume
• How does exercise affect the concentration gradient?

  More intense exercise = steeper concentration gradient
• How does long term training help you perform for longer?

  Increased diffusion rates

  More oxygen supplied to muscles Carbon dioxide removed

  delays fatigue
• Physical activity on asthma

  Air ways build up tolerance

  reduces inflammation
• Minute ventilation is the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled per minute
• 3 causes of asthma

  Allergies

  Cold air

  Infections
• Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in lungs after max expiration
• Tidal volume is the volume of air in each breath
• Total lung volume is the amount of air that lungs an hold after biggest possible breath in