Biology

• Why does a gene of DNA have to be copied to mRNA (transcription)?


  DNA is too large to leave the nucleus
• What type of organism does tobacco mosaic virus infect?

  Plants
• Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

  Unicellular
• What do we call the movement of cell sap up and down the plant?

  Translocation
• which cells in the plant are adapted to absorb mineral ions?


  root hair cells
• Proteins are broken down by a group of enzymes called

  proteases
• Name the 2 types of stem cells in animals

  Adult stem cells

  Embryonic stem cells
• what did Mendel study?

  inheritance of different characteristics
• which parts of the plant contain meristem tissue?

  tip of roots

  tip of shoots
• cells that are adapted to perform a particular function are called

  specialised cells
• which part of the plant is glucose produced in?

  Leaves
• top layer of the cell

  Waxy cuticle
• 4 bases in DNA


  adenine thymine, cytosine guanine
• how do plants get water required for photosynthesis

  Diffusers from the soil into the root hair cells by osmosis
• what are alleles?

  Alternative forms of the same gene
• auxins are ?

  A family of plant hormones produced in the tips of shoots and roots. Once produced by the fuse backwards along the shoot a root
• chromosomes in the 23rd pair are known as?

  Sex chromosomes
• True or false plant hormones, only act locally

  True
• how do root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil

  Active transport
• 3 blood types?

  IA IB IO
• what is homozygous?

  2 of the same allele pairs (AA or as)
• what's homozygous?

  2 of the same allele (AA or aa)
• what is an allele?

  Alleles are versions of a gene
• what's a genotype


  The genotype of a person tells us the alleles present
• what is the phenotype?

  The phenotype of a person tells us the characteristics caused by the persons alleles
• what is it called when you have two different alleles

  Heterozygous
• what is a recessive allele?


  A recessive allele will only show in the phenotype if two copies are present
• what is tobacco mosaic virus?

  It is a viral plant disease
• what is rose black spot?

  It is a fungal plant disease
• plants can also be attacked by insects such as

  Aphids
• what do aphids do?

  Aphids extract nutrients, such a sugars from the plant stunting its growth
• what are the ways you can diagnose plant diseases?


  Discolouration spots on leaves, stunted growth decay/rot, growths, malformed stems or leaves
• what are antibodies?


  Antibodies of protein molecules, which stick to pathogens
• antibodies are produced by white blood cells called 


  Lymphocytes
• what is transcription?

  Transcription is a DNA strand as a template to make a complimentary strand of RNA are in a similar to DNA, but all the thymine bases substituted for Uracil
• what are the 5 groups (kingdoms of life)

  animals plants, fungi protoctists bacteria
• are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

  prokaryotic because they don't have a nucleus
• how to you test for starch?


  crush food and add to spotting tile iodine will change from orange to blue black in the presence of starch
• how to test for simple sugars?

  Benedix regent change from blue to orange/brick red in the presence of reducing sugars food need to be crushed water added and heated in boiling water bath
• how to test for protein?

  Duratest, add NAOH to the solution of the food and mix add a few drops of copper sulphate and see if a mauve colour is observed