Video overview flash card

• Bones of the skeletal system

  • Cranium
  • Clavicle
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Vertebrae
  • Scapula
  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
• Types of bones


  • Flat bones (offer protection to major organs)
  • Long bones (for gross movements)
  • Short bones (for small precise movements)
  • Irregular bones (for structure, stability, spinal cord protection)
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Structural shape
  • Support
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
• Bone marrow


  Situated at the end of long bones, produces red and white blood cells
• Tendons


  Attach muscle to bone to reduce movement
• Ligaments


  Attach bone to bone to give joints greater stability
• Synovial membrane


  Produces synovial fluid to lubricate joints and reduce friction
• Bursa


  Fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid to ease movement
• Cartilage


  Soft connective tissue at the end of bones to reduce friction
• Joint capsule


  Surrounds and encloses a synovial joint to stabilize, strengthen and support it
• Types of synovial joints


  • Ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
  • Hinge (elbow, knee, ankle)
• Ball and socket joints


  • Allow greatest range of movement (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation)
• Hinge joints


  • Allow only flexion and extension
• Plantar flexion


  Pointing toes towards the ground
• Dorsiflexion


  Lifting toes towards the knee
• Muscles of the body

  • Pectorals
  • Deltoids
  • Rotator cuff
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Abdominals
  • Hip flexors
  • Gluteals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Latissimus dorsi
• Agonist


  Muscle that contracts and is the prime mover
• Antagonist


  Muscle that relaxes and lengthens
• Types of muscle contraction

  • Isotonic (concentric, eccentric)
  • Isometric
• Concentric contractions happen during the upwards phase of a movement, eccentric contractions happen during the downwards phase
• Frontal plane


  Divides the body into front and back
• Transverse plane


  Divides the body into upper and lower half
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into left and right
• Axes


  An arrow or pole that passes through a part of the body, allowing movement to occur around it
• Lever systems


  • First class
  • Second class
  • Third class
• Fulcrum


  The joint or pivot point in a lever system
• Effort


  The muscle that contracts to cause movement in a lever system
• Resistance


  The load or weight being moved in a lever system
• Pathway of air


  1. Nose/mouth

  2. Trachea

  3. Bronchi

  4. Bronchioles

  5. Alveoli
• Gaseous exchange


  Oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries, CO2 moves from capillaries to alveoli
• Features of alveoli


  • Great in number and large in size
  • Covered in capillaries for large blood supply
  • Capillaries sit on top for short diffusion pathway
  • One cell thick surface area
• Lung volumes


  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
• Mechanics of breathing


  1. Diaphragm moves down, intercostal muscles contract (inhalation)

  2. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, intercostal muscles relax (exhalation)
• Arteries


  • Small lumen, thick muscular walls, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
• Veins


  • Large lumen, thin walls, contain valves, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
• Capillaries


  • Very small lumen, one cell thick walls, site of gas exchange
• Vasoconstriction


  Blood vessels become narrower to reduce blood flow
• Vasodilation


  Blood vessels widen to allow more blood and oxygen flow
• Chambers of the heart


  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
• Vasoconstriction


  Blood vessels become more narrow to reduce blood flow