What supernatural explanations did people hold about health?
People in medieval England often relied on superstition when it came to health. They believed in supernatural explanations for health and disease.
What were the most common supernatural explanations of causes of disease in the medieval period?
Many believed that diseases were the will of God. The Catholic Church taught that, if someone committed a sin, God would punish them with sickness.
People believed that illness was a test of faith.
Some people believed that supernatural demons could inhabit people's bodies and cause illnesses.
Witches were thought to be responsible for spreading diseases.
Some people thought astrology was to blame - that the way the stars and planets were aligned could cause disease.
Why did people have supernatural explanations about the causes of disease?
Religion was a major force in medieval England, and the Catholic Church had a lot of influence over people's lives. There was also a lack of scientific knowledge. This led to people believing in supernatural reasons for disease and sickness.
What were the main supernatural beliefs for treatment of disease in medieval medicine?
Prayers were said to ask God's forgiveness. The rich could pay for prayers to be said on their behalf. Many people used flagellation (whipping themselves).
People went on pilgrimages to important religious shrines or tombs.
Physicians used horoscopes to treat patients. They would consider two dates: the patient's date of birth and the date their illness began. They would use this information to work out how to treat them.
What were the rational explanations for the causes of disease?
Miasma theory was the idea that bad air from dead bodies, rotting food, or other organic matter caused disease.
Another idea was the illness was caused by an imbalance of the 'four humours' within the body - blood, yellow bile (choler), black bile and phlegm.
What was the humours theory?
The Theory of the FourHumours stated that, to be healthy, a person needed to have balanced humours. People would get diseases if they had toomuch or toolittle of any humour.
What were the humours according to the Theory of the Four Humours?
Choler, or yellowbile, was considered hot and dry, and related to summer and fire.
Blood was hot and wet, and related to spring and air.
Phlegm was cold and wet, and related to winter and water.
Blackbile was considered cold and dry, and was related to autumn and earth.
How did doctors balance yellow bile according to the Theory of the Four Humours?
To balance yellow bile (choler), doctors would purge patients, by making them vomit or by changing their diet.
How did doctors balance blood according to the Theory of the Four Humours?
Bloodletting was used to balance blood. This was most often done by barber surgeons or wise women.
How did doctors balance phlegm according to the Theory of the Four Humours?
To balance phlegm, doctors recommended breathing steam or eatingvegetables filled with water.
How did doctors balance black bile according to the Theory of the Four Humours?
Doctors gave their patients laxatives and suggested they eat more vegetables to balance black bile.
How did Galen of Pergamon add to the Theory of the Four Humours?
Galen built on the Theory of FourHumours by adding the Theory of Opposites for treating an imbalance.
Why was the Theory of the Four Humours important?
It became the basis for how patients were treated for more than 1,400 years.
It appeared to include all illnesses. Therefore, in order to apply the theory, physicians would deliberately manipulate what they observed to fit it.
There was a lack of scientificknowledge at that time which stopped people challenging the theory or providing alternative treatments.
Who was Hippocrates?
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician. He believed in observing a patient's symptoms, and treating them using natural treatments.
What were Hippocrates' ideas?
Clinical observation, which says a doctor should examine and monitor a patient's symptoms to diagnose their illness. Treatments should be based on these observations.
The HippocraticOath, which was taken by physicians. It was a promise to follow a set of ethical standards to treat their patients well and to cause no harm.
The Theory of the Four Humours, which says that a person needed balancedhumours in order to be healthy. People got diseases if they had too much or too little of any humour.
Why did the Christian Church support Galen?
Galen said that the human body must have been designed because it fit together so well. This supported the Church's teachings that God created humans.
What were Galen's theories?
Galen based his Theory of Opposites on the Theory of the FourHumours. He taught that illnesses could be cured by using treatments that opposed a patient's symptoms.
Galen supported the miasma theory, which was the belief that disease was caused by badair.
What mistakes did Galen make?
He believed that the jaw was made up of twobones.
He did not understand about blood circulation, and thought that blood was made in the liver, then absorbed by the body, rather than being pumped around it.
He said that men had one fewer pair of ribs than women.
Why were Galen's ideas supported for so long?
Galen's ideas had the support of the Church.
There were a lack of alternatives to his ideas and little opportunity to question them
Why were Galen's books important?
Galen's books were important because manypeople could not read, so any doctor who had read them was considered very intelligent.
What was medieval treatment like?
Medieval treatment was very limited as it was mostly based on the supposed superstitious and religious causes of disease. It was also sometimes inaccurate due to a lack of medicalknowledge and understanding.
What treatment was available for most medieval people?
Rich people would consult a physician.
There were hospitals, but people went to them for rest and prayer rather than medicalintervention.
Most people were cared for in the home by the women in their family.
People could visit barber-surgeons to have simplesurgical procedures.
Apothecaries provided medicinal treatments using plants and herbs.
Why did women give medieval treatment in the home?
It cost money to see a physician and most people could not afford it.
How did medieval women give treatment at home?
Women used treatments that they learned from other women in their household. They would mix remedies using herbs from their gardens and do their best to make their patients comfortable. Women also acted as midwives at births.
What was the religious approach to treatment in medieval times?
As people believed that God created illnesses as a punishment for sinning, then the treatment involved a religious act such as fasting, paying for a specialmass, prayer, or pilgrimage.
What was the supernatural approach to treatment in medieval times?
Using charms or chantingspells was believed to scare off illness and heal people. Astrology was also used, as physicians referred to starcharts to determine when certain treatments could be carried out.
What was the humoural approach to treatment in medieval times?
Bloodletting, purging and the Theory of Opposites were used to help balance the humours.
What was the remedial approach to treatment in medieval times?
Herbalremedies were inhaled or drunk to treat illnesses. Sometimes bathing in water with flowers and herbs was encouraged as it was believed it could help balance the humours by removing blockages.
Where could the poor go for treatment in medieval England?
The poor could be treated by women in their home. They could also seek rest in a medievalhospital; but, although they would be made comfortable there, they would not receive medicaltreatment.
How did people try to prevent illness in medieval times?
There were four main methods of prevention used in medieval times: religion, purifying the air, diet, and the regimensanitatis.
How did the medieval Church try to prevent illness?
The most important ways were trying to notcommit any sins, praying regularly and paying tithes to the Church.
How did people try to prevent miasma in medieval times?
People tried to purify the air to protect themselves from miasma. Local councils put measures in place to make sure the streets were cleaned.
How did people use diet to prevent illness in medieval times?
People believed if you atetoomuch it could cause an imbalance of humours, so people often used to purge themselves as a way to treat this.
How did physicians try to prevent illness in medieval times?
Physicians would write instructions, called the regimensanitatis, for healthy living. It was only used by the rich as it was very expensive: it would instruct them to takebaths and make sure their houses were clean.
What were medieval hospitals like?
In medieval times, hospitals were mostly run by the Church, with monks and nuns to care for patients.
How were people cared for in medieval hospitals?
Hospitals were focused on caring for patients, not curing them. Monks and nuns kept patients comfortable, and made sure their bedsfaced the hospital'saltar.
Who did medieval hospitals look after?
Hospitals for lepers were set up. These hospitals were notinside towns, but were on the outskirts, as lepers were considered outcasts.
Medieval hospitals were also used to house the poor and elderly.
Hospitals that did care for the infirm only provided basicnursing.
What were medieval doctors prohibited from doing?
Physicians who were monks were not permitted to dissectdeadbodies or carry out treatment that would involve cutting a patient. This led to bloodletting and other surgeries being carried out by barber surgeons.
What methods did medieval doctors use?
Diagnosis
Sample study.
Astrology.
Study of 'humoural tendencies'. These were personality traits believed to be linked to your humours.
Why did not many people visit a medieval physician?
Most doctors were based in large towns, and even so there weren't many of them. Consulting them was expensive, so mostpeople could notafford to see them.