HPP2001: developmental psychology

• According to Erik Erikson's Psychosocial theory of development, what are the 8 stages within the stages of development?

  Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair
• What are the eight age periods within a human life?


  Infancy, Toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood.
• According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, what are the five areas of influence on behaviour formation?

  Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.

  A) Exosystem

  B) Mesosystem

  C) Microsystem

  D) Macrosystem

  E) Individual

  
• The multidirectional perspective states that development can occur in many directions simultaneously. It involves the individual's physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. Development shows growth and decline.
• Alleles are words used to describe the alternative form or versions of a gene. We have two forms of alleles of each gene, in which one allele derives from each parent.
• Chromosomes are thread-like structures found inside cells that carry genes. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
• Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins. Genes determine our characteristics such as eye colour, height etc.
• Chromosomes are found in the cell of the nucleus and contain genomic information.
• Genes are segments of DNA and are found on chromosomes. 23 chromosomes are inherited from the mother and the other 23 are inherited from the father. In total, we have 46 chromosomes.
• As opposed to mitosis, meiosis has two separate divisions to complete the process.
• Genotypes are the totality of an individual's genes.
• Phenotype is how the expression of genes affects physical traits or behaviour.
• Males with X and Y chromosomes are more vulnerable to recessive disorders carried by the X chromosomes. The disorders that are included are Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
• Sex chromosomes

  A) XY

  B) XX

  C) XHY

  D) XHX

  
• Erikson's eight stage of psychosocial development

  A) Infancy

  B) Toddlerhood

  C) Early Childhood

  D) Middle childhood

  E) adolescence

  F) Early adulthood

  G) Middle adulthood

  H) late adulthood

  
• Erik Erikson's psychosocial model of development states that if a developmental challenge is not adequately resolved, it will have a negative impact at later stages of development.
• • Epigenesis: the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment
  • Genetic activity responds constantly to environmental influences
• Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change throughout life as a result of experience.
• Gross motor development involves the coordination of whole-body movement.
• Maturation: development occurs due to an innate, biological program
• Schemes: cognitive structures that allow us to process and organise information
• Assimilation: altering new information to fit into pre-existing scheme
• Accommodation: changing scheme to suit new information 
• Gender – cultural categories of male and female
• Sex – biological status of being male or female
• Overextension is when an infant uses a word too freely. For example, a baby calling all animals they see dog.
• Underextension is when the child uses a word too narrowly. For example, a child only refers to family pet as a dog.
• Synaptic pruning: connections of neurons become few, but more efficient.
• Synaptic density: The density of synaptic connections increases  
• • Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency
• • Micronutrient deficiency: lack of crucial vitamins and minerals 
• 1. Object permanence 
  2. Deferred imitation 
  3. Categorisation 
• • Maternal sensitivity: degree of awareness of the child’s needs 
• • Maternal responsiveness: degree of quickness to attend the needs of the child
• Piaget's sensory theory of cognitive development includes four key stages. Maturation, Schemes, assimilation, accommodation.
• Object permanence: objects continue to exist even when not aware of them
• Deferred imitation: ability to remember an action or event that has been witnessed but is no longer present
• Maturation refers to the biological changes that occur as children grow and develop, such as physical growth, brain development, and hormonal changes.
• Habituation is the gradual decrease in attention
• dishabituation is the revival of attention with a new stimulus