SHORT TERMS

• Atria – receive blood entering the heart
• Ventricles – responsible for pumping blood out of the heart
• Blood – part of the circulatory system that supplies the body with the nutrients needed to generate energy
• Blood vessels – circulate blood throughout the body
• Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
• Veins – carry blood toward the heart
• Capillaries – smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins
• Skin – regulates body temperature through evaporation of water
• Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, and thirst
• Pancreas – regulates blood sugar by releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood
• Kidneys – maintain water balance by filtering the blood
• Blood – maintains constant body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body
• Ureter - carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• Kidney - removes wastes and extra fluid from your body by filtering the blood
• Bladder - relaxes and expands to store urine
• Urethra - empties urine from the bladder
• Filtration – The excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood. Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure across selectively permeable membranes of a cluster of capillaries into the tubule.
• Reabsorption – The transport of epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids.
• Secretion – Other substances such as toxins and excess ions are excreted from body fluids and added to the contents of the excretory tubule
• Pathogens – infectious agents that cause disease
• Innate Immunity – activates other nonspecific defenses if pathogens manage to get through and enter the body
• White blood cells – enter the damaged tissue to fight infection
• Fever – caused by chemical released by the immune system to slow down the growth of many pathogens
• Lymphatic System - consists of organs that transport lymph from the body tissues and return it to the blood
• Thymosine – regulates the immune system that helps the body fight diseases
• Estrogen and progesterone –responsible for female sexual characteristics
• Testosterone – responsible for male sexual characteristics
• Human growth hormone – controls other endocrine glands; influences growth and metabolism
• Thyroxin – stimulates tissue metabolism and the basic metabolic rate
• Parathormone – regulates calcium levels in the blood
• Insulin – regulates blood glucose levels
• Adrenaline – helps the body respond to stress and danger
• Skeletal System - The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae.
• Excretory System - Urine formation and other excretion are regulated by the brain.
• Digestive System - Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients are controlled by the brain.
• Respiratory System - Rate of exchange of gases is monitored by the brain.
• Circulatory System - Heart rate and blood pressure are regulated by the brain.
• Muscular System - Movement of muscles is controlled by the brain.
• Endocrine System - Release of defense mechanism is stimulated by the brain.
• Heart muscles – contract to pump blood throughout the body