CHAPTER: ENERGY IN LIVING SYSTEMS & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• NADH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen
• NAD+ - oxidized form of the electron carrier
• NADH - reduced form of the electron carrier
• • Reduced: They accept electrons.
  • Oxidized: They lose electrons.
• • RH - a reducing agent
  • NAD+ - oxidizing agent
  • NADH - reduced
  • R - oxidized
• 3 Parts of an atom:

  1. Proton
  2. Electron
  3. Neutron
• NAD+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
• FAD+ - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
• FADH2 - reduced form of FAD+
• ATP - energy currency of the cell
• ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
• Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) - at the heart of ATP
• Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) - composed of an adenine molecule bounded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group
• Ribose - a five-carbon sugar found in RNA
• Adenine - one of the nucleotides in RNA
• Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - result of the addition of a second phosphate group to the core molecule
• The three phosphate groups, in order of closest to furthest from the ribose sugar, are labeled alpha, beta, and gamma.
• Together, the chemical groups constitute an energy powerhouse.
• Phosphoanhydride Bonds - both bonds that link the phosphates
• Hydrolysis - the process of breaking complex macromolecules apart
• 2 atom during Hydrolysis:

  1. Hydrogen atom
  2. Hydroxyl group
• ATP + H2O => ADP + P1 + free energy
• Intermediate Complex - formed by an ATP during an endergonic chemical reaction
• Intermediate Complex - allows one of the substrates (such as ATP) and reactants to more readily react with each other
• A + enzyme + ATP => [A - enzyme - ~ P] => B + enzyme + ADP + phosphate ion
• Substrate-level Phosphorylation - a phosphate group is removed an intermediate reactant in the pathway, and the free energy of the reaction used to add the third phosphate to an available ADP molecule, producing ATP
• Chemiosmosis - a process of ATP production in cellular metabolism
• Chemiosmosis - used to generate 90% of the ATP made during glucose catabolism and is also the method used in the light reactions of photosynthesis to harness the energy of sunlight
• Oxidative Phosphorylation - involvement of oxygen in the process of the production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis
• Parts of the Mitochondria:

  • Intermembrane space
  • Matrix
  • Cristae
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
  • ATP - synthase enzymes and the electron transport chain are embedded in the inner membrane
• Oxidative Phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria.
• Photosynthesis - the only biological process that can capture energy that originates in outer space (sunlight) and convert it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism uses to power its metabolism
• Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis.
• Photoautotrophs - "self-feeders using light"; they use light to manufacture their own food
• Heterotrophs - "other feeders"; they rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs
• Chemoautotrophs - organisms that extract energy from inorganic chemical compounds
• Photosynthesis is vital because it evolved as a way to store the energy in solar radiation (the "photo-" part) as high-energy electrons in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules (the "-synthesis" part).
• Photosynthesis powers 99% of the Earth's ecosystems.
• Photosynthesis - a multi-step process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water as substrates
• GA3P - Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate