Case Studies

• In 2019, the Greater London Authority reported the population had exceeded 8.9 million and this is expected to reach 11 million by 2050
• In 2018, London ranked first in the Global Power City Index because

  • global financial centre with a growing reputation as a technological hub and top rankings for software development
  • performs well in terms of people in higher education and quality of universities
  • more than 300 languages spoke with at least 50 non-indigenous communities with populations >10,000
  • Hosted 2012 Olympic Games and raised the profile of the world city due to redevelopment
• Cultural Diversity in London

  • 'the world under one roof'
  • Function as a port has resulted in a long history of immigration leading to ethnic and cultural diversity
  • Hundreds of West Indian men aboard the Empire Windrush in 1948 began the windrush generation
  • In 2015, just over 44% of London's residents were of a black and minority ethnicity, and this is expected to rise to 50% by 2038
• Economic and Social Well-being in London

  • Home to a third of the UK's wealth
  • Has 2.1 million people in poverty, for every £1 owned by the bottom 10%, the top 10% own £172
  • 21% of employees are paid less than the London living Wage
  • Net increase of 6700 affordable homes in 2015/2016 is less than 40% of the plan
  • In England, 7/10 households in temporary accommodation are in London, and over 80% of these have children
• Nature and Impact of Physical Environmental Conditions in London

  • In the first half of the twentieth century, smog events were frequent in London
  • Clean Air Act of 1956 and recent legislation such as ULEZ have reduced CO2 significantly
  • Centre of London is up to 10C warmer than the surrounding rural areas - UHI
  • High power supply demands may lead to 'brownouts'
  • Threat of flooding as climate change brings wetter waters
  • 15% of London is on the flood plain, protected by flood defences
• Social Developments in London

  • Urban renewal has rought economic investment and growth to parts of London previously suffering decline e.g. Olympic regeneration in Newham has provided additional social housing, leisure facilities and education investment
  • Focus on improving education through London Challenge initiative, pupils in London do better in school than the rest of the country
  • Newham Every Child program offers children the chance to learn a musical instrument
• Economic Developments in London

  • London Living Wage is the wage rate needed for a London workers to provide for their families, over 10,000 London families have been lifted out of poverty as a result of the Living Wage
  • Crossrail planned to increase rail transport network capacity by 10%, easing congestion
  • Schemes such as Workplace in Newham help people find jobs, supported over 20,000 Newham residents into jobs
• Mumbai is India's largest city with a population in excess of 25 million in 2020, it is the financial and commercial centre of India as well as home to Bollywood movie industry
• Mumbai is located on the west coast of India and is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, developed as a trading centre during the British empire
• India became independent from Britain in 1947, and Mumbai developed with high-rises and modern architecture changed the city's status and introduced it on a world state, in 2015 it accounted for 6.16 % of India's GDP (greatest of any city)
• Economic and Social Well-being in Mumbai

  • Population has doubled since 1991 largely due to migrants seeking better opportunities
  • 16 major languages spoke
  • 60% of Mumbaikers live in slums
• Dharavi Slum

  • Brought to attention by Slumdog Millionaire in 2008
  • Until the late nineteenth century this was a mangrove swamp, but not is an informal settlement
  • When the swamp filled in, Tamils opened tanneries and thousands traveled from areas to work in textile industries
  • Said to have the highest population density in the world at over 300,000 people per square kilometre
  • Toilets shared by as many as 1000 people
  • Government led Dharavi Redevelopment means residents since 2000 cqan have a 300 square foot house for free
• Nature and Impact of Physical Environment in Mumbai

  • Tropical climate, south-west monsoon season brings heavy rainfall between June and September
  • In 2019, Mumbai received 250mm rain in one day in August and 403mm in four days in September
  • Rain washed people away and devastated infrastructure
  • More than 400 people died and over 10,000 houses were destroyed
  • Occurred as a result of urban growth
• The Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan

  • Created in response to flooding in 2005, identifies risks and vulnerabilities the city could face including earthquakes and cyclones
  • Co-ordinates relief and rescue efforts
  • Widened the Mithi river which drains into the Arabian Sea
  • Environmentalists argue there are too many factors that make Mumbai vulnerable to flooding
  • The IPCC predict that climate change with make Mumbai the second most at-risk city in the world
• Environmental Issues in Mumbai

  • Over 700,000 cars on the road, a growth of 57% in 8 years
  • There is less than 0.03 acres of open space per 1000 people, compared to 12 acres in London
  • Nitric and nitrogen oxide pollution levels dangerous high
  • 7.5 million commuters use the train daily