genbio - finals review 🧬

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
• Nucleus


  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
• Cytoskeleton

  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
• Bacterial cell


  • Nucleoid
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
  • Flagella
• Plant cell

  • Cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Chloroplast
  • Central vacuole
• Nucleus

  Contains most of the cell's genes, separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
• Nucleolus


  Prominent structure in nucleus, site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome synthesis
• Chromatin


  DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope


  Double membrane that encloses the nucleus
• Nuclear pores


  Regulate entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
• Nuclear lamina


  Protein structure that maintains the shape of the nucleus
• Ribosomes


  Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein that make proteins for the cell
• Free ribosomes

  Suspended in cytoplasm, make proteins for use in cytoplasm
• Bound ribosomes


  Attached to endoplasmic reticulum, make proteins packed in organelles or exported from cell
• Energy-Converting Organelles


  Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
• Mitochondria


  • Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
• Chloroplasts


  • Found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis

  
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts


  • Enveloped by a double membrane
  • Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
• The Endosymbiont theory


  1. An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host

  2. The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion

  3. At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts
• Mitochondrion


  • Smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
  • Inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
  • Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix
  • Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
• Intermembrane space


  Narrow region between the inner and outer membranes
• Mitochondrial matrix


  Contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts


  • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
  • Found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
  • Part of a group of plant organelles called plastids

  
• Intermembrane space


  Thin space between the outer and inner membrane
• Stroma


  Thick fluid inside the inner membrane that contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes
• Thylakoids


  Network of interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast

  
• Granum


  Stacks of thylakoids where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
• • Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins and is stored within the nucleoplasm.
• 3 Types of RNA

  Messenger RNA, Transcribe RNA, and Ribosomal RNA
• Dogma of Biology


  DNA Replication -> Transcription RNA -> Translation proteins (amino acids)
• Histone proteins


  any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin.
• Locations of free ribosomes:

  The cell's cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and chloroplast's stroma (all liquid in form)
• Mitochondrial matrix


  Site of some processes of cellular respiration
• Lynn Margulis


  The Endosymbiont theory was proposed by who?
• Cristae


  are folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
• Cristae


  Present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
• Intermembrane space & Mitochondrial matrix


  Two compartments created by the inner membrane of mitochondria