2. Equipment Final

• What type of machine is used to provide external beam radiation therapy, in order to irradiate specific body parts?


  linear accelerator
• What are two types of internal radiation therapy?

  brachytherapy and radioactive liquid treatment
• What is the purpose of treatment planning?

  to deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor while limiting the dose received by surrounding tissue that is ordinary
• What is the duration of radiation treatments?

  20-30 minutes
• What modalities are used for the "simulation process" for treatment planning?


  CT, Diagnostic x-ray, MRI, or PET
• Did the first prototype of the CT scanner include a computer to generate the image?


  No, There were no initial plans to incorporate one into future CT scanners
• Which generation of CT scanner is most commonly used today with multi-slice spiral scanner?

  3rd generation
• Main part of the CT unit that contains the equipment that produces the data for image formation:

  Gantry
• What type of generator is used in CT?

  High-frequency with low ripple
• What is the most common type of filter used in CT?

  Bowtie filter
• Fluoroscopic technique used in IR to remove radiopaque structures, allowing for better visualization of vasculature”:

  Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
• What other modalities/modality equipment can IR use for imaging?

  Ultrasound, CT, RI, Diagnostic x-ray, and Fluoroscopy
• List the members of the IR team

  Radiologist, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and radiologic technologists
• What is the most commonly used equipment in an IR suite?

  C-arm
• What type of technology does IR equipment use?

  Bi-plane technology
• Define MRI


  An imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated waves to create images of the body. It is non-invasive and provides a way to examine different organs, tissues, and the skeletal system without the use of ionizing radiation
• In what MRI zone is the control room located?

  Zone III
• The MRI machine is best described as being large, cylindrical and what?


  tube-shaped
• What is an important safety reminder, in regard to MRI and its magnet?

  The magnet is "always on"
• In what MRI zone is the MRI scanner located?


  Zone IV
• What are the modes of introducing radiotracers into the body?

  IV (most common), inhalation, oral ingestion, or injection directly into the organ being studied
• What does the nuclear medicine use to review, diagnose, and treat different types of disease?

  radiotracers
• What equipment is used during nuclear medicine?

  Gamma cameras, PET, SPECT, MRI Spectroscopy and Optical Imaging
• What is the main difference between a PET and a SPECT scan?

  The main type f radiotracer used, SPECT scans measure gamma rays, the decay of the radiotracers used with PET scans produce small particles called positrons
• What other modalities and specialties are used in conjunction with nuclear medicine?

  CT, MRI, and other specialties such as Cardiology, Oncology, and Neurology
• What are the typical materials used for the anode target in Mammography?

  Molybdenum and rhodium
• Why is compression used in mammography?

  • allow x-rays to penetrate tissue
  • ensure abnormalities not obscured by healthy tissue
  • reduce scatter
  • require less dose to the patient
• What kVp range is used in mammography?

  low kVp
• What is the advanced imaging technique used in mammography, also known as 3D mammography?

  Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT)
• How are 3D images obtained for DBT?


  The x-ray tube moves over the compressed breast from one side to another and creates multiple images of the breast from different angles. These multiple images are reconstructed in the computer to create 3D images
• Proton


  Positive (+) charge
• If an atom has 35 protons in the nucleus, it will have 35 electrons orbiting the nucleus
• An atom with an atomic number of 15 has 15 protons in the nucleus
• Subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom


  • Protons
  • Neutrons
• Electron


  Negative (-) charge
• Frequency and wavelength


  Inversely related
• Wavelength


  Meters (m)
• Frequency


  Hertz (Hz)
• c


  Speed of light
• The only portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can "sense" is visible light