Untitled

• types of biological evidence

  correlation, loss of function, gain of function
• What is the best form of evidence

  Loss of function
• Contact dependent


  describes signalling that requires cells to be in direct contact
• paracrine signaling


  cells secrete something that acts on neighboring cells
• synaptic signaling


  a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve cells (fast)
• endocrine communication


  a hormone is released into the bloodstream through ductless glands to act on target tissues
• Isometric growth


  growth that occurs at the same rate for all parts of an organism
• allometric growth


  The variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism.
• radioimmunoassay


  uses radiolabeled hormone and antibody to bind hormone
• cell proliferation


  more cells
• cell hypertrophy


  larger cells
• protein degradation


  removes proteins that are made improperly
• cell differentiation


  cells acquire specialized structure
• cell death (apotosis)


  remodeling, turnover
• G1


  cell growth, commit to proliferate
• S


  DNA synthesis, DNA content doubles
• G2


  check on DNA integrity, prep to divide
• M phase


  division of 2 daughter cells
• cytokinesis


  cell seperation
• what does growth factor secretion result in

  proliferation and protein synthesis
• growth factors activate what two pathways

  MAPK and PI-3K
• Intercellular protein degradation


  requires ATP, major use of dietary intake
• Extracellular protein degradation


  does not use energy
• Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway


  degrades 80-90% of intracellular proteins
• How is apoptosis activated

  intrinsic or extrinsic
• Intrinsic factors apoptosis


  activated within the cell, DNA damage or stress
• Extrinsic factors apoptosis


  activated by cellular protein
• sources of genetic variation between animals


  nucleotide sequence differences, DNA copy number variation, RNA splicing
• Epigenetics


  heritable differences that are not caused by changes in DNA
• What does the PI3K pathway do

  increases protein synthesis
• What does the MAPK pathway do


  Cell proliferation
• endoderm


  (internal layer) forms lung cells, thyroid cells, digestive cells
• mesoderm


  (middle layer) forms muscle tissue
• ectoderm


  (external layer) skin cells, neurons on brain
• pluripotent


  stem cells that have many potential fates
• totipotent


  very early embryonic cells
• epithelium


  forms tightly joined structures outside of cells on the outside
• mesenchyme


  connective tissue in the cell
• where is cell to cell adhesion higher

  higher in the epithelium
• where is cell to matrix adhesion higher

  higher in mesenchyme