Middle Childhood

• Associate the letter “A” of anaphase to the word “Away” to signify that during anaphase stage sister chromatids separated or moves away from each other is what type of Mnemonics?

  Elaboration
• Jessa continuously repeating "Wilcoxon is for dependent t-test" to remember it is what kind of mnemonic?

  Rehearsal
• MEASURES OF INTELLIGENCE IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

  • Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale (INDIVIDUAL TEST)
  • WISC-IV (INDIVIDUAL TEST)
  • OLSAT8 (GROUP TEST) Children are asked to classify items, show an understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information, and follow directions
  • K-ABC-II (INDIVIDUAL TESTS) designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs (such as autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders) and from varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds
  • DYNAMIC TEST based on Vygotsky’s theories focus on the child’s zone of proximal development (ZPD)
• Transitive Inferences Understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
• Inductive reasoning involves MAKING OBSERVATION about a particular class then DRAWING CONCLUSIONS about the class as a whole.
• Deductive Reasoning STARTS WITH GENERAL STATEMENT—a premise—about a class and applies it to particular members of the class. If a premise is true of the whole class and the reasoning is sound, then the conclusion must be true.
• Piaget believed that children in the concrete operations stage of cognitive development only used inductive reasoning. Deductive only appear later in adolescents
• Horizontal décalage Piaget’s term for an inability to transfer learning about one type of problem to other types of problems sharing the same conceptual underpinnings.
• COGNITIVE ADVANCES IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

  • Understand Spatial Relationships
  • Understand Causality (Cause and effect)
  • Understand Categorization
  • Seriation, Transitive Inference, Class inclusion
  • Inductive and Deductive Reasoning.
  • Understand Conservation
  • Number and Mathematics
• Executive Functioning Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
• Self-regulatory Capacity ability to regulate attention, inhibit responses, and monitor errors
• Selective Attention ability to deliberately direct one’s attention and shut out distractions
• TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE (STERNBERG)

  • COMPONENTIAL: ANALYTIC ASPECT of intelligence, determines how efficiently people process information. (problem solving, monitor solution)
  • EXPERIENTIAL: CREATIVE/INSIGHTFUL ASPECT, how people approach novel or familiar tasks.
  • CONTEXTUAL: PRACTICAL ASPECT, helps people deal with their environment. (STREET SMART)
• Tacit Knowledge Sternberg’s term for information that is not formally taught but is necessary to get ahead.
• Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) is a test that seeks to measure each of the three aspects of intelligence verbal, quantitative, and figural (or spatial)
• Language areas of particular importance during this Middle Childhood are

  • vocabulary - use of precise verbs, simile, metaphor, figure of speech,
  • grammar - Grammar is quite complex at age 6 but rarely use passive voice
  • syntax - Understanding of rules of syntax becomes sophisticated as well
  • pragmatics - MAJOR AREA OF LINGUISTIC GROWTH happens here, refers to social context of language. (includes both conversational and narrative skills)
  • literacy
• Phonetic (code-emphasis) Approach a TRADITIONAL approach to literacy wherein the child sounds out the word, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long term memory
• Whole-language Approach - emphasize VISUAL RETRIEVAL and the use of CONTEXTUAL CUES.

  • based on the belief that children can learn to read and write naturally, much as they learn to understand and use speech
• First grade marks entry into “real school.” It is a milestone in academic development and sets the stage for future success or failure.
• Enrichment Program - deepen students’ knowledge and skills through extra classroom activities, research projects, field trips, or expert coaching.
• Acceleration Programs - speed up their education through early school entrance, grade skipping, placement in fast-paced classes, or advanced courses
• Convergent Thinking - THE KIND THAT IQ TESTS MEASURE. seeks a single correct answer.
• Divergent Thinking - (creative thinking) Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.

  • assessed using Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) Most widely known tests of creativity