Cellular Reproduction

• Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Cell - is the smallest living thing that can perform all the functions of life.
• Parts of Chromosomes

  Chromatids Centromere P-arm Q-arm

  
• Interphase - the cell is growing and preparing for cell division.
• G1 phase (Gap 1) - The first phase of the cell cycle. The cell grows and prepares to divide.
• S (Synthesis) - DNA replication occurs
• G2 phase (Gap 2) - The second phase of interphase, where the cell prepares for mitosis
• M phase or Mitosis - the phase of the cell cycle that occurs after interphase and before cytokinesis
• Mitosis - making body cells
• Meiosis - making gametes or sex cells, which are haploid cells
• Mitosis and Meiosis are both involved in making new cells for growth and repair.
• Mitosis and Meiosis are both Diploid 2n are 2 sets of chromosomes
• Both Mitosis and Meiosis go through PMAT Stages
• Prophase - chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down
• Metaphase - chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell or in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
• Telophase - the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
• Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells
• Prophase 1 - Homologous pairs of chromosomes condense and become visible
• Prophase 1 - "Cross Over" - chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other
• Prophase 1 - "synapsis" - chromosomes condense and become visible
• Metaphase 1 - they are also in the middle but in Homologous pairs
• Homologous means they are same size contains the same type
• Anaphase 1 - it's the chromosomes are pulled away to the opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase in Meiosis 1 - the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei and the cell divides into two daughter cells
• Prophase in Meiosis 2 - Chromosomes condensing in both cells they are not going to have Homologous pairs and cross over
• Metaphase in Meiosis 2 - single fine line, nuclear membrane already broken in previous stage
• Anaphase in Meiosis 2 - the chromatids that are getting pulled away
• Telophase in Meiosis 2 - Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on "nucleulus" each side to make new cells
• Cytokinesis - will follow Meiosis 2 to completely split the cytoplasm
• We end with Four Identical cells in Meiosis

  • Non-identical
  • Gametes
• The end of Mitosis with the following

  • Identical
  • Diploid (two sets of chromosomes one from each parent)