NCDs

• Cardiovascular Diseases


  Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure


  Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure
• Hypertension


  • Major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke
  • Not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy
• Primary Hypertension


  No definite cause but it is attributed to atherosclerosis
• Secondary Hypertension


  Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases
• Risk Factors for Hypertension


  • Family History (twice)
  • Age
  • Race
  • High Salt Intake - salt causes elevation in blood volume
  • Obesity
  • Excess Alcohol Consumption
  • Stress
• Prevention for Hypertension


  • Encourage Proper nutrition
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Regular Check-ups
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)


  Heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow, also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
• Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • Sex
  • Elevated Blood Lipids (LowDensity Lipoprotein)
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • DM
  • Obesity
  • Stress
• Prevention for Coronary Artery Disease


  • Regular Exercises Physical Activity
  • Proper Nutrition–limit salt intake, limit saturated fats
  • Stop Smoking
  • Early Diagnosis Prompt Treatment
• • Cause of Coronary Artery Disease : atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
  • When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle is affected.
  • When there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle, chest pain occurs (angina).
• Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke


  Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain
• Cerebral infarction


  If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region
• Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability
• Symptoms of Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke


  • Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
  • Slurring of speech
• Types of Stroke


  • Thrombolytic stroke
  • Embolic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
• Thrombolytic stroke


  Usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessels commonly seen in older people
• Embolic stroke


  Caused by a clot that travels from somewhere else in the body, usually from the heart
• Hemorrhagic stroke


  Most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
• Other causes of Stroke

  • Aneurysms
  • Trauma
• Cancer


  Develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. Cancer cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so
• Cancer cells compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
• Metastasis


  Cancer cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells
• Types of Cancers


  • As many as there are three types of tissues in the body
• Risk Factors for Cancer


  • Hereditary/family history
  • Carcinogens - agent capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical, environmental agent, radiation
  • Polycyclic hydrocarbons - chemicals found in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods
  • Benzopyrene - produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly
  • Nitrosamines - powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods like tocino, longanisa, bacon, hotdogs
  • Radiation - UV rays from sunlight, x-rays
  • Viruses
  • Aflatoxin - found in peanuts and peanut butter
• Prevention of Cancer


  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage proper nutrition - increase intake of dietary fibers; limit consumption if smoked, charcoal-broiled, salt cured foods
  • Drink alcohol beverages in moderation
  • Control obesity
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
• Diabetes Mellitus


  Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
• Etiology/cause of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Environment/lifestyle
• Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Blindness/retinopathy
  • CAD/Stroke
  • Foot ulcers
• Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
  • Promote regular exercise
  • Smoking cessation - DM patients who smoke have higher risk of heart attack and stroke
• Screening for Diabetes Mellitus


  • Ask the patient (for adults 20 years and above) about family history of diabetes, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss
  • Fasting blood sugar
  • 2 hours postprandial test
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)


  Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas, dependent on insulin injections, genetic, environmental or maybe acquired
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)


  More common, 90-95% of all people with obesity and diet, possible causes include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production, usually in older and overweight persons
• Gestational Diabetes


  Develops during pregnancy and may lead to type II DM
• Risk factors of Type II Diabetes Mellitus


  • Family history
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide, 4th leading cause of mortality, characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, the airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gasses
• Causes and risk factors of COPD

  • Smoking
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Age
• Primary symptoms & primary diagnosis of COPD

  • Cough
  • Sputum Production
  • Dyspnea
• Complications of COPD


  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Bronchial asthma


  A chronic disease (chronic inflammation = hyperresponsiveness of airways), inflammatory disorder of the airways, these episodes are reversible spontaneously or by treatment