GCSE PE paper 1

• how does the skeleton move?

  Moved by muscles

  which are attached to bones by tendons. When muscles contract, the bones are pulled, causing them to move at the joints
• what type of bones protect vital organs?


  Flat bones
• name the flat bone at the back of the shoulder?

  The scapula
• what two types of joint movements occur at the ankle?

  Dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
• what is the difference between rotation and circumduction?


  Rotation: movement around an axis. Circumduction: circular movement of a limb
• What are the different functions of the skeletal system?


  muscle attachment

  Protection of vital organs

  joints for movement

  Production of blood cells

  Storage of calcium and phosphorus
• why is support important for a skeleton?


  The skeleton supports the soft tissues like skin and muscle

  This helps you to have good posture which is essential in sports
• why is protection important for a skeleton?


  Bones protect vital organs.

  This allows you to perform well in sport without fear of serious injury
• what is a soft tissue injury?

  Injuries to muscle, tendons, ligaments, internal organs, and skin
• what is a hard tissue injury?

  Injuries to bones, joints and cartilage
• what is a fracture?

  A broken or cracked bone
• what is a closed fracture?

  Simple fracture is when the break is under the skin
• what is an open fracture?

  Compound fracture is where the bone breaks the skin
• what is a green stick fracture?

  When pressure or impact bends a bone, but only partially breaks it
• what is a stress fracture?

  Crack in the bone that develops because of repeated or prolonged forces against the bone
• what is a concussion?

  Concussion results from a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
• what are the symptoms of a concussion?

  Headaches, weakness, loss of coordination, sickness dizziness
• what is a dislocation?

  A dislocation occurs when a bone is forced or twisted out of place at a joint
• what is a torn cartilage?


  Cartilage can tear, if the knee is twisted excessively caused when players change direction quickly
• what are symptoms of a torn cartilage?


  The knee will be painful, may lock and will swell
• what is a sprain?


  Sprains occur when ligaments at joints, gets stretched and torn
• what is a strain?


  Strain is a twist, pull, or tear of a muscle or a tendon

  The most common places to get a strain in the back and the hamstrings
• what is tennis/golfers elbow?

  These are overuse injuries where the tendons attach muscles to the elbow joint become inflamed, sore and painful
• what are abrasions?


  Abrasions or grazes are caused by friction of the skin against a rough surface
• what is the rice method?


  Rest

  Ice

  Compression

  Elevation
• how do you prevent an injury?


  Complete a PAR-Q

  allow Recovery time

  Warmup

  Use the correct clothing

  Apply the rules of the game correctly when playing

  Check equipment and facilities before use
• what do beta blockers do?

  block the action of adrenaline. They slow the heart rate and breathing rate down
• what are sporting examples for beta blockers?


  archery

  gymnastics

  target shooting

  Diving
• what are side effects of beta blockers?


  Lower blood pressure

  Slows oxygen delivery

  Insomnia
• what do anabolic steroids do?


  Hormones which help build and repair muscle and bone to allow the athlete to make gains quicker
• what are spotting examples for anabolic steroids?

  Sprinting

  Weightlifting
• what are side effects of anabolic steroids?


  Liver damage

  Heart disease

  testicular atrophy

  mood swings

  agression
• what are narcotic analgesics?


  Painkillers, used by performance to mask pain and enable them to carry on even with an injury
• what are sporting examples of narcotic analgesics?


  Any activity where you need to temporarily remove pain
• what are side effects of narcotic analgesics?


  Liver/kidney damage

  Addiction to drugs

  Further damage to injury
• what are diuretics?


  Increased the amount of body fluids lost quickly and can be used to mask other drugs
• Sporting examples of diuretics

  boxing

  Horse riding

  Mask other peds
• what are side effects of diuretics?


  Dehydration from the fluid loss, nausea, headaches, heart / kidney failure, muscle weakness
• what are stimulants?


  Excite the nervous system and raise heart rate

  Make an individual feel more awake as if they have more energy
• Sporting examples of stimulants


  Long-distance cyclists

  100 meter sprint

  Boxing

  Rugby