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• Characteristics


  Traits or features of living organisms
• Characteristics of living organisms

  • Movement
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
  • Sensitivity
  • Nutrition
  • Excretion
• Movement


  Action made by organism causing change of position or place
• Reproduction


  Process that makes more of the same kind of organism
• Growth


  Permanent increase in size and dry mass by increase in cell number or both
• Sensitivity


  Ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment
• Nutrition


  Taking in materials for growth, energy, and development
• Excretion


  Removal of waste products of metabolism, toxic materials and excess substances
• Binomial naming system


  Scientific name consists of Genus and Species
• Respiration


  Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
• Why do we classify organisms?
• Reasons for classifying organisms


  • To identify those at risk of extinction
  • To understand evolutionary relationships
• Morphology


  Study of form or outward appearance of organisms
• Anatomy


  Study of internal structure by dissection
• Sequences of DNA and amino acids in proteins are a more accurate way of classification
• Each species has its unique number of chromosomes and sequence of bases in DNA making it different from other species (humans have 46 chromosomes)
• Organisms with more recent ancestors have DNA that's more similar than distant
• Levels of classification


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Genus
  • Species
• Dichotomous keys


  Used to identify organisms
• Whittaker's Five Kingdom Scheme

  • Animal
  • Plant
  • Fungus
  • Prokaryote
  • Protoctist
• Animal kingdom


  • Multicellular
  • Divided into vertebrates and arthropods
• Plant kingdom


  • Unicellular
  • Multicellular
  • Cell wall made up of cellulose
  • Contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll
• Fungus kingdom


  • Unicellular
  • Made up of thread-like hyphae
  • Many nuclei distributed throughout the cytoplasm
• Prokaryote kingdom


  • Bacteria
  • Single chromosome consisting of circular DNA strands
• Protoctist kingdom


  • Unicellular
  • Eukaryotic cells with membrane-bound organelles
• Viruses


  Have central core of RNA or DNA, surrounded by protein coat, do not feed, excrete, respire or grow, but can reproduce inside cells of living organisms using materials from host cell
• Cell structures in bacterial cells

  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Flagella
• Cell structures in both animal and plant cells

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria

  
• Cell structures in plant cells only


  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Central permanent vacuoles
• Specialized cells and adaptations

  • Ciliated cells
  • Neurons/nerve cells
  • Root hair cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Sperm and egg cells
• Levels of organization


  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
• Diffusion


  Movement of dissolved substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane
• Osmosis


  Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane
• Active transport


  Movement of particles through cell membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration using energy from respiration
• Importance of active transport

  • Uptake of glucose by epithelial cells in the villi of small intestines
  • Uptake of ions from soil water by root hair cells in plants
• Carbohydrates


  Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, basic unit is glucose, can form starch, glycogen or cellulose
• Proteins


  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur, made up of long chains of amino acids
• Fats (Lipids)


  Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, basic unit is a triglyceride molecule with 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)


  Molecule that contains the instructions for growth and development of all organisms, consists of two strands in a double helix, contains 4 different bases (A, T, C, G)
• Tests for biological molecules

  • Iodine solution test for starch
  • Benedict's solution test for reducing sugars
  • Biuret test for proteins
  • Ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
  • DCPIP test for vitamin C