BTECH MODULE 1 PDF

• Prior and during design activity for a new project, site investigation is vital as it is a systematic recording of all necessary data which will be guides for designing and constructing the building.
• Site investigation undergoes

  1. Desk Study

  2. Field Study
• Desk Study


  • Investigation of site through collection of known data affecting the design (law, ordinances, site history etc.)
• Field Study


  • Access
  • Potential Hazards
  • Appraising of existing structures
  • Appraising of supply availability
  • Appraising Surface conditions (Vegetation, Topography)
  • Appraising of ground conditions (Water table, Soil types)

  
• Soil Investigation

  1. Sub-soil sample and in-site tests (Trial Pits, Auger Holes)

  2. Subsoil exploration (Boreholes)

  
• Soil Investigation

  • To determine the suitability of the site for the proposed project
  • To determine an adequate and economic foundation design
  • To determine the difficulties which may arise during the construction process and period
  • To determine the occurrence and/or cause of all changes in subsoil conditions

  
• Determinants of soil investigation method

  • Size of project
  • Type of proposed foundation
  • Type of sample required
  • Type of subsoil may be encountered

  
• Soil investigation method base from investigation depth

  • Foundations up to 3meters deep - trial pits
  • Foundations up to 30 meters deep - boring
  • Foundations over 30 meters deep - deep borings and in-situ examination of tunnels/deep pits

  
• Trial Pits


  • Generally use in dry ground which requires little or no temporary support to sides of excavation
  • May also serve to expose and/or locate underground services

  
• Boring Methods


  • Hand or Mechanical Auger
  • Auger and Shell boring
  • Wash Boring
  • Mud-rotary drilling
  • Core Drilling
• Disturbed Soil Samples


  Soil sample stored in airtight jars for laboratory testing, suitable for visual grading and establishing moisture content
• Undisturbed Soil Sample


  Soil sample obtained using coring tools and stored in wooden boxes which preserve natural structure and properties of subsoil, mostly suitable for rocks and clay

  
• Soil Assessment provides classification of soil

  • Rock
  • Soil
  • Boulder
  • Cobble
  • Gravel
  • Sand
  • Silt
  • Clay

  
• Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)


  Identifies soils according to their textural and plasticity qualities and on their grouping with respect to behavior
• Soil Particle Ranges

  • Cobbles (Above 3 inches)
  • Gravel (3 inches to No 4 sieve)
  • Sand (No 4 to No 200 sieve)
  • Fines (Clay or silt) (Below No 200 sieve)

  
• Sieve Analysis is a method that is used to determine the grain size distribution of soils that are greater than 0.075 mm in diameter. It is usually performed for sand and gravel but cannot be used as the sole method for determining the grain size distribution of finer soil.

  
• Coarse-grained soil classification in USCS

  • Well-graded material with little or no fines (GW, SW)
  • Poorly graded material with little or no fines (GP, SP)
  • Coarse material with nonplastic fines or fines with low plasticity (GM, SM)
  • Coarse material with plastic fines (GC, SC)
• Fine-grained soil classification in USCS


  • Inorganic silts and very fine sandy soils, silty or clayey fine sands, micaceous and diatomaceous soils, and elastic silts (ML, MH)
  • Inorganic clays (CL, CH)
  • Organic silts and clays (OL, OH)

  
• Soil Sizes


  • O 4 Sieve
  • Sand
  • No 4 to No 200 sieve
  • Coarse
  • No 4 to No 10 Sieves
  • Medium
  • No 10 to No 40 Sieves
  • Fine
  • No 40 to No 200 Sieves
  • Fines (Clay or silt)
  • Below No 200 sieve

  
• This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
• INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
• JANUARY 2024
• Soil Types


  • GW - Well-graded gravel; gravel-sand mixture; little or no fines
  • GP - Poorly graded gravel; gravel-sand mixture; little or no fines
  • GM - Gravel with silt; gravel-sand-silt mixtures
  • GC - Clayey gravels; gravelly sands; little or no fines
  • SW - Well-graded sands; gravelly sands; little or no fines
  • SP - Poorly graded sands; gravelly sands; little or no fines
  • SM - Silty sands; sand-silt mixtures Clayey sands; sand-clay mixtures Inorganic salts; fine sands; rock flour; silty and clayey fines
  • SC - Clayey sands; sand-clay mixtures
  • ML - Inorganic salts; fine sands; rock flour; silty and clayey fines
  • CL - Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity; gravelly clays; silty clays; lean clays
  • OL - Organic silts of low plasticity
  • MH - Inorganic silts; micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils; elastic silts
  • CH - Inorganic clays of high plasticity
  • OH - Organic clays of medium to high plasticity; organic silts
  • PT - Peat and other highly organic soils

  
• Frictional or cohesionless soils


  Soils that rely primarily on internal friction for strength
• Cohesive soils


  Tend to be hard when dry and moldable, or plastic, when moist
• Soil Bearing Capacity


  The amount of force, pressure, weight, or stress that a material, soil, foundations or a structure can safely withstand without failure
• The allowable bearing capacity of soil generally increases with increasing depth below ground because the deeper strata of native soil are generally more densely compacted and have a smaller amount of decomposed plant matter

  
• Increasing the depth below ground for the base of the footing generally reduces the footing area but increases the depth of excavation

  
• Site Accommodation


  • Site offices
  • Sanitary convenience
  • Washing facilities
  • Drinking water
  • Rest facilities, Changing rooms and lockers
• Washing Facilities


  • Next to toilets and changing areas
  • Hot and cold water or mixed warm water
  • Soap, towels or hot air dryer
  • Adequate ventilation and lighting
  • Washbasins large enough to wash face, hands and forearms
  • Showers for particularly dirty work
• Rest Facilities, Changing Rooms and Lockers


  • Separate provisions if men and women are on site
  • Located close to washing facilities
  • Heated place for shelter from inclement weather
  • Space for changing with security for personal clothing, etc.
  • Lockers and/or place to hang clothes
  • Place for wet clothing to be dried
  • Rest facilities with tables and raised-back chairs
  • Ventilation and lighting
  • Means for heating water and warming food unless a separate provision is made for providing meals
• Temporary Installations


  • Security Barriers
  • Pedestrian and vehicular protection
  • Temporary site drainage and utilities
• Security Barriers


  Separation of public vicinity and construction site operation. Building material for temporary fencing such a G.I. Sheets, barbed wires and Marine Plywood are used to secure construction site. Site security primary objectives are: Security against theft, Security from vandals, Protection from innocent trespassers
• Survey Types


  • Property Survey
  • Existing Conditions Survey
  • Topography Survey
  • Construction Survey
• Property Survey


  Establishes the extent and geometry of property boundaries
• Existing Conditions Survey


  Survey of all utilities, infrastructure, built structures, and significant natural conditions existing above or below grade
• Topography Survey


  Survey of an area's surface features in relief, showing landform or the shape of the ground and giving elevations

  
• Construction Survey


  Used during on-site construction to establish the exact locations of building points and elevations for civil engineering and architectural built elements
• Types of Demolition


  • Total Demolition
  • Selective Demolition
  • Interior Demolition
  • Dismantling or Deconstruction
• Demolition Methods


  • Manual demolition
  • Mechanical demolition
  • Controlled or induced collapse