bone & muscle

• blood - a body fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells
• ● Bone - rigid body tissue consisting of cells embedded in an abundant hard intercellular material.
• spongy bone - is a highly vascularized and porous tissue, It also makes up about 20% of a human skeleton, home to the bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells.
• Compact bone - surrounds spongy bone and makes up the other 80% of the bone in a human skeleton.
• Skeletal muscle - mainly attaches to bones via tendons to maintain posture and control movement, with striations (stripes) and can be controlled by conscious will
• Cardiac muscle tissue - found only in the heart which pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure. Also known as striated involuntary muscle, and with intercalated disks.
• Smooth muscle tissue - associated with numerous other organs and tissue systems such as the digestive system, Also known as non-striated muscle, spindle-shaped with a centrally located nucleus.
• osteogenic cell - stem cell
• osteoclast - reabsorbs bone
• long bones - these are the bones of the limbs except for the wrist
• diaphysis - also known as shaft is composed of outer wall which has dense and hard compact bone, that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. I
• Inside the diaphysis is the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow in an adult.
• epiphysis - which is filled internally with spongy bone/cancellous .
• axial bones - referring to bones located in the central part of the body;
• appendicular bones - are those bones that form the upper and lower limbs, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles
• Cleft lip/Cleft palate - are openings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate) or both which result when facial structures that are developing in an unborn baby don't close completely.
• Compound fracture - also known as open fracture which involve wounds that communicate with the fracture, or where fracture hematoma is exposed, and may expose bone to contamination

  
• Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium
• Fascia - connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles
• Each bundle of muscle fiber is called a fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium
• Within the fasciculus, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium.
• Neuro- muscular junctions - also called a myoneural junction or NMJ, which is a connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers
• Threshold stimulation - this refer to the minimum force of stimulus usually electric current capable of spreading action potential to the muscle
• Motor unit - this refer to a motor neuron together with the muscle fibers on which it acts.
• Recruitment or multiple motor unit summation - It refer to increasing the number of motor units firing that can produce a steady increase in muscle force.
• Muscle twitch - A single contraction of skeletal muscle
• Latent phase/Lag phase - A short period between the time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction that involve intracellular changes such as the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Contraction phase/Log phase - this involve myofilaments sliding past each other, and the muscle shortens.
• Relaxation phase - this event takes place when contraction has ended and the muscle returns to its normal resting state and length.
• Treppe phenomenon or staircase effect - The force of first muscle contraction which is is less than the force it is able to produce in subsequent contractions within a relatively narrow time span.
• Muscle Fatigue - A condition in which the tissue has lost its ability to contract resulting from muscle cell’s ATP consumption which is faster than its production.
• Tetanus - A steady, sustained muscle contraction from extreme form of wave summation.
• Muscle Cramp, is a strong, painful contraction or tightening of a muscle often occuring in the legs. Also called a charley horse
• Muscle atrophy - is the loss of skeletal muscle mass that can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system.
• Myasthenia gravis - a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness most commonly affecting muscles of the eyes, face, and swallowing
• Poliomyelitis - is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus
• Tetanus - also called lockjaw, is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles
• Shin splints - is an inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and bone tissue around your tibia.